Urinary System

Question 1

Urochrome

Answer 1

Chemical compound from hemoglobin breakdown that gives urine its yellow color.

Question 2

Urea

Answer 2

Largest urine solute compound from amino acid breakdown

Question 3

Uric acid

Answer 3

Smallest urine solute component made from nucleic acid metabolism

Question 4

Creatinine

Answer 4

Metabolite of creatine phosphate

Question 5

Type of cell the mucosa of the bladder is made of

Answer 5

Transitional epithelium

Question 6

Internal urethral sphincter

Answer 6

Involuntary sphincter at the bladder-urethra junction

Question 7

External urethral sphincter

Answer 7

Voluntary muscle surrounding the urethra inferior to internal urethral sphincter

Question 8

Asymmetry of kidneys

Answer 8

Right kidney is lower than the left due to the liver

Question 9

Renal hilum

Answer 9

Medial indentation for ureter, renal vessels, and nerves

Question 10

Renal blood flow

Answer 10

-20% Cardiac output passing through the kidneys each minute
-20% * 5L/min=1L/min=1440 L/min

Question 11

4 basic steps of renal blood flow

Answer 11

-Filtration
-Reabsorption
-Secretion
-Excretion

Question 12

Renal calculi

Answer 12

Kidney stones in renal pelvis made of crystallized calcium, magnesium, or uric acid salts

Question 13

Treatment for renal calculi

Answer 13

Shock wave lithotripsy to break them down to smaller pieces

Question 14

Glycosuria

Answer 14

Glucose in urine

Question 15

Proteinuria

Answer 15

Proteins in urine

Question 16

Pyuria

Answer 16

Pus in urine

Question 17

Hematuria

Answer 17

RBC’s in urine

Question 18

Hemoglobinuria

Answer 18

Hemoglobin in urinr

Question 19

Glomerular filtration

Answer 19

Glomerular capillary bed (Glomerulus) to glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule)

Question 19

Blirubinuria

Answer 19

Bile pigment in urine

Question 20

Age where control of external urethral sphincter begins

Answer 20

18 months

Question 21

Reabsorption

Answer 21

Tubules to peritubular capillaries

Question 22

Secretion

Answer 22

Peritubular capillaries to tubules

Question 23

Excretion

Answer 23

Tubules to eventually secrete from the body

Question 24

% distribution of types of nephrons

Answer 24

-Cortical nephrons (85%) -Juxtamedullary nephrons (15%)

Question 25

Histology of parietal layer of glomerular capsule/Bowmans capsule

Answer 25

Simple squamous epithelium

Question 26

Histology of visceral layer of glomerular capsule

Answer 26

Podocyte (Foot process to wrap around glomerular capillaries to form filtration slits)

Question 27

Histology of the proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 27

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 28

Histology of the distal convoluted tubule

Answer 28

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 29

Histology of the nephron loop/loop of henle

Answer 29

-Descending & Thin ascending limb: Simple squamous epithelium -Thick ascending limb: simple cuboidal or low columnar epithelium

Question 30

Histology of collecting duct cells

Answer 30

Simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium

Question 31

Vasa recta

Answer 31

Capillary bed only found in juxtamedullar nephrons around the loop of henle

Question 32

Podocytes

Answer 32

Specialized cells of renal corpuscle that form filtration slits in the visceral wall of the bowmans capsule

Question 33

Glomerular filtration rate

Answer 33

-Volume of filtrate from glomerular capillaries to capsular space in 1 minute -20% * RPF = 125mL/min = 180 L/day

Question 34

4 starling pressures of net filtration pressure

Answer 34

-Hydrostatic pressure of glomerular capillaries -Oncotic pressure of glomerular capillaries -Hydrostatic pressure of bowmans space -Oncotic pressure of bowmans space

Question 35

Juxtamedullary apparatus

Answer 35

-Specialized structure that senses and responds to blood pressure and blood electrolyte contents -Macula densa of DCT sense electrolytes & act as chemo receptors -Juxtamedullary cells sense BP & act as mechanoreceptors

Question 36

Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

Answer 36

Chemicals sensed by macula densa in JGA trigger paracrine release for smooth muscle stimulation

Question 37

Neural controls of GFR

Answer 37

-Sympathetic nervous system lead to vasoconstriction of afferent and efferent arterioles

Question 38

Where content is reabsorbed to in the kidneys

Answer 38

Efferent arteriole then into peritubular capillaries