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BSCI202: Anatomy & Physiology II > THE MF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM > Flashcards

THE MF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Histology of the mouth

A

Non-keratinized stratum squamous epithelium

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2
Q

Classifications of teeth

A

-Incisors: Cutting
-Canines: tearing & piercing
-Premolars: Grinding
-Molars: Grinding

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3
Q

Saliva

A

Mucurs & serous fluid used to form a bolus, dissolve chemicals for digestion, and contains salivary amylase.

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4
Q

Salivary amylase

A

Enzyme in mouth to breakdown starch into maltose

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5
Q

Pharynx histology

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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6
Q

Histology of esophagus

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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7
Q

4 layers of alimentary canal

A

-Mucosa
-Submucosa
-Muscularis externa
-Serosa

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8
Q

Mucosa

A

-Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
-Lamina propria (Areolar CT): where vessels, lymph vessels, and immune cells enter
-Muscularis mucosae: Thin layer that creates local movement

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9
Q

Submucosa

A

Provides support and blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves.

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10
Q

Muscularis

A

-Circular muscle
-Longitudinal (Superficial) muscle

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11
Q

Serosa

A

-Prevents friction between abdominal organs and other structures in the abdominal cavity
-Epithelium
-Areolar CT

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12
Q

Process of swallowing

A
  1. Buccal phase: Tongue presses against hard palate to force food down oropharynx
  2. Pharyngeal-esophageal phase: Uvula, larynx, and tongue prevent upwards movement of food and bolus presses upper esophageal sphincter to enter esophagus
    3.Upper esophageal sphincter contracts for food entry
  3. Peristalsis moves food through esophagus of stomach
  4. Gastro-esophageal sphincter opens for food to enter stomach
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13
Q

Rugae

A

Internal folds of mucosa in stomach

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14
Q

Muscularis externa of the stomach

A

-3 layers of smooth muscle
-Inner layer allowing stomach to churn, mix, and brake down food

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15
Q

Mucosa of stomach

A

-Simple columnar epithelium and secratory cells
-Lined with mucous cells
-Dotted with gastric puts, gastric glands, and gastric juice

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16
Q

Mucous cells of stomach

A

Secrete 2-layer coat of alkaline mucus to prevent hydrochloric acid from damaging mucosa lining

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17
Q

4 secretory cells of stomach mucosa

A

-Mucous neck cells
-Chief cells
-Parietal cells
-Enteroendocrine cells

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18
Q

Chief cell secretions in stomach

A

-Lipases: 15% of lipid digestion
-Pepsinogen: Inactive form of pepsin for protein metabolism
-Rennin: Digesting milk proteins in infants

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19
Q

Parietal cell secretions in stomach

A

-Intrinsic Factor: Vitamin B12 absorption
-Hydrochloric acid: Keep stomach pH low and activate pepsinogen into pepsin

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20
Q

Enteroendocrine cell secretions

A

-G cells secrete gastrin
-D cells secrete somatostatin
-ECL cells secrete histamine

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21
Q

3 reflex pathways to stimulate H+/K+ pumps to increase HCl secretions

A

-Parasympathetic nervous system
-Gastrin by G cell
-Histamine from EnteroChromaffin-like cells

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22
Q

Cephalic phase of gastric secretion

A

-Cephalic phase
-Sensory information to brain associated to food triggers PSNS (Vagus nerve) to prepare gastric secretions to receive food from stomach

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23
Q

Regulation of cephalic stage

A

Loss of appetite signals to the cerebral cortex to no longer stimulate parasympathetic center

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24
Q

Gastric phase of gastric secretion

A

-Mechano/stretch/chemo receptors in stomach wall stimulate parasympathetic nervous system to secrete

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25
Regulation of gastric phase
-Excess acidity cause gastrin secretion to decline -Emotional distress causes sympathetic NS activation which overrides PSNS causing secretion inhibition
26
Intestinal phase of gastric secretions
-Chemoreceptors in the wall of duodenum trigger PSNS causing intestinal gastrin to release in blood causing stomach secretion
27
Regulation of intestinal phase of gastric secretion
Distention of duodenum as well as presence of fatty acidic food can cause release of hormones such as somatostatin to slow down secretions.
28
Extrinsic gastrointestinal reflexes
-Enterogastric reflex -Gastroileal reflex -Gastrocolic reflex
29
What region of the small intestine absorbs most nutrients
Jejunum since there are more circular folds
30
Pancreas function
-1% endocrine function: Insulin & glucagon secretion 99% exocrine function: Secretion of pancreatic juice that contains bicarbonate, salts, and digestive enzymes in the form of zymogens
31
Zymogens
Inactive forms of many proteases that are activated by trypsin
32
Absorption of electrolytes
-Iron and calcium absorbed in duodenum -NA+: Absorbed by NA/K pumps at luminal surface to be coupled with absorption of carbs and protein -Cl-: Active via H+/Cl- co-transporter -K+: Via osmotic gradient
33
Absorption of water
-9 Liters of water -95% absorbed in small intestines via osmosis
34
Large intestine histology
Simple columnar epithelium -Enterocytes: Absorptive cells -Goblet cells: Alkaline mucus
35
Teniae coli
-Muscularis externa of large intestine -3 bands of smooth muscle
36
Haustra
Pocket like sacs
37
Role of resident bacteria of large intestine
-Produce vitamin K & B -Produce gas and acids
38
Defecation reflex
-Internal anal sphincter is relaxed -External/voluntary anal sphincter relaxes
39
Metabolism
Sum of all biochemical reactions in the body
40
Anabolism
Reactions that build larger molecules
41
Catabolism
Reactions that break down complex structures
42
Glycogenesis
-Synthesis of glycogen by polymerizing glucose in liver and skeletal muscle
43
Gluconeogenesis
-Synthesis of glucose from non CHO precursors -In liver, when glycemic levels drop
44
Glycolysis
Splitting of glucose into 2 pyruvate for aerobic respiration or anaerobic fermentation
45
Glycogenolysis
Splitting of glycogen into free glucose monosaccharides
46
Insulin effect
-When GLU is high, glucose entry to cells increases 20x -Hypoglycemic hormone -Stimulated by PSNS
47
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide/Gastric inhibitory peptide
-Secreted by small intestine/duodenum -Increases insulin secretion
48
Glucagon effect
-When glucose is low, will stimulate glycogenolysis -Hyperglycemic hormone -Increased lipolysis in adipose tissue to preserve blood glucose
49
Lipolysis
Triglycerides degraded by lipases -Glycerols continue glycolysis -Fatty acids undergo beta oxidation to form acetyl coa for TCA cycle
50
Lipogenesis
-Formation of lipids -Occurs when glucose and ATP is too high and not being used
51
Degradation of aminon acids
-Transamination: A.A + a-ketoglutarate --> Glucose + Keto acid -Oxidative deamination: Forms NH4 which will become urea & urinated out -Keto acid modification: Turns A.A's into TCA intermediates to be metabolized
52
Protein synthesis
Proteins synthesized if all amino acids needed are present at necessary concentrations
53
Energy Consumption Formula
Consumption = Respiration + Production + Excretion
54
Respiration
Cost associated with basal survival, physical activity, and feeding
55
Production
Cost associated with growth, reproduction, and replacing lost tissue
56
Excretion
Urinary loss, feces
57
Total metabolic rate
Total amount of kilocalories the body must consume to fuel ongoing activities
58
Ghrelin
Hormone secreted by parietal cells when stomach empties to signal hunger
59
Peptide YY (PYY)
-Secreted by enteroendocrine cells in ileum and colon: Gastroileal reflex, prevents stomach from emptying quick, kills hunger cravings
60
Cholecystokinin
-Secreted by enteroendocrine cells in duodenum & Jejunum -Kills hunger and stimulates enterogastric reflex
61
Insulin
-Secreted by pancreatic beta cells -Glucose and A.A uptake from blood to tissue cells
62
Leptin
-Secreted by adipocytes -Promotes fat breakdown/lipolysis -Signals satiety
63
Enterogastric reflex
Duodenal distention and acidic pH will inhibit gastrin secretion and gastric peristalsis to slow down emptying of stomach
64
Gastroileal reflex
Opens ileocecal valve to promote colonic peristalsis and defecation
65
Gastrocolic reflex
Sigmoid colon propels contents of rectum for defecation
66
Ankyloglossia
Short frenulum causing low tongue motility for swallowing and speech
67
EnteroChromaffin-Like cells (ECL cells)
Histamine releasing cells activated by gastrin

BSCI202: Anatomy & Physiology II (16 decks)

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