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BSCI202: Anatomy & Physiology II > Respiratory System (LAB PRACTICAL) > Flashcards

Respiratory System (LAB PRACTICAL) Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Upper division of respiratory system

A

Structures found in head and neck:
-External nose
-Nasal cavity
-Paranasal sinuses
-Pharynx

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2
Q

Lower division of respiratory system

A

Larynx and structures below:
-Larynx
-Trachea
-Bronchi
-Lungs

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2
Q

Functions of nasal cavity

A

-Filters, warms, and moistens air
-Resonates chamber for the voice
-Smell

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3
Q

Included structures of the nasal cavity

A

-External nares (nostrils)
-Inferior, middle, and superior conchae
-Sinuses

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4
Q

Pharynx function

A

Connects nasal and oral cavities to larynx and esphagus

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5
Q

Regions of the pharynx

A

-Nasopharynx: Superior and only involved in respiration
-Oropharynx: Middle portion from soft palate to epiglottis. Both respiratory & digestive function
-Laryngopharynx: Most inferior region from epiglottis to larynx. Both respiratory & digestive function

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5
Q

Larynx function

A

-Prevents food/fluid from entering lungs
-Permits the passage of air and produces sound
-Composed of cartilaginous and membranous structures

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6
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A

-Hyaline
-Forms framework of larynx
-Contains laryngeal prominence/adams apple

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7
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

-Hyaline
-Attaches larynx to trachea

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8
Q

Arytenoid cartilage

A

-Hyaline
-Anchors the vocal folds

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9
Q

Epiglottis

A

-Elastic cartilage
-Closes opening of the trachea when swallowing.

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10
Q

Vocal folds

A

-True vocal cords
-Vibrate with expired air to produce sounds
-Composed of elastic fibers covered with mucous membrane

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11
Q

Glottis

A

Slit-like passageway between the folds

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12
Q

Vestibular folds

A

-False vocal cords
-Protects vocal folds
-Located superior to vocal folds
-Composed of elastic fibers covered with mucous membrane

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12
Q

Trachea function & composition

A

-Connection of larynx to bronchi
-Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
-Goblet cells produce mucus
-Cilia move mucus away from lungs and to the throat

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13
Q

Bronchi

A

-Series of branching respiratory tubes
-Trachea divides into left and right primary bronchus
-Each bronchus divides to secondary, tertiary, etc…
-Terminal bronchioles divide into respiratory bronchioles
-Respiratory bronchioles divide into alveola ducts, terminating in alveolar sacs

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13
Q

C-Rings

A

-Reinforcement rings of hyaline cartilage for the trachea
-Allows expansion during swallowing
-Provide structure to maintain an open airway

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14
Q

Alveolar ducts

A

Divide from respiratory bronchioles

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15
Q

Alveolar sacs

A

Clusters of alveoli

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16
Q

Alveoli

A

-Balloon-like pockets at the end of alveolar ducts
-Sites of gas exchange, which occurs by simple diffusion
-Densely covered with pulmonary capillaries
-Composed of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium overlying a basal lamina

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17
Q

Blood air barrier/Respiratory membrane

A

-Alveolar and capillary walls with their fused basement membranes

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18
Q

Lung lobes

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A

-Long fissures that divide lungs
-Left lung: 2 lobes
-Right lung: 3 lobes

18
Q

Lungs

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A

-Soft spongy organ
-Some elastic CT allowing for expansion and contraction

18
Q

Cardiac notch

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A

Concavity of left lung to provide space for the heart

19
Expiration
-Air moves out of the lungs -Inspiratory muscles relax -Thoracic cavity decreases in size -Intrapulmonary volume decreases -Intrapulmonary pressure increases -Air flows to area of lowest pressure (Out of lungs)
20
Lung pleura
-Double layed serous membranes surrounding each lung -Parietal pleura: Outer layer attaches to thoracic wall or diaphragm -Visceral pleura: inner layer, covering the external surface of lungs
20
Tidal volume (TV)
Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions
21
Inspiration
-Air moves into the lungs -Inspiratory muscles contract -Intrapulmonary volume increases -Intrapulmonary pressure decreases -Air flows to area of lowest pressure
22
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inspiration
23
Residual volume (RV)
Amount of air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration
23
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume expiration
24
Vital Capacity (VC)
-Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort -VC=TV+IRV+ERV
25
Total lung capacity (TLC)
-Maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort -TLC = TV+IRV+ERV+RV
26
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
-Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal tidal volume expiration -IC = TV +IRV
27
Functional residual capacity
-Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration -FRC = ERV + RV
28
How to use a spirometer
-Breath in outside of spirometer -Exhale into the mouthpiece of the spirometer -Spirometer records the volume of air expired
29
Bronchial sounds
Produced by air rushing through the large respiratory passageways (Trachea & Bronchi)
30
Vesicular breathing sounds
-Result from air filing the alveolar sacs -Sounds like rustling leaves
31
Rasping sound with stethoscope
Rales
32
Whistling sound with stethescope
Wheezing
33
Obstructive respiratory diseases
-Increased resistance in the airways -Normal vital capacity but decreased rate of air flow due to bronchocontriction -Ex. Asthma & Chronic bronchitis
34
Restrictive respiratory diseases
-Decline in lung capacity -Decreased vital capacity -Ex. Polio & Tuberculosis
35
Forced vital capacity
-Volume of air expelled when subject takes deepest possible breath and then exhales forcefully and rapidly -Reduced in restrictive pulmonary disease
36
Forced expiratory volume
-Similar testing procedure to FCV -Looks at percentage of the vital capacity that is exhaled during specific time intervals -Healthy individuals can expire 75-85% of FVC in the first second -Will be reduced in obstructive pulmonary disease`
37
Rate of respiration control
-Neural centers in the medulla and the pons control rhythm & rate
38
Normal rate of respiration
-12-18 breathes/minute -Modified by physical phenomena -Influenced by chemical factors such as O2/CO2 conc. in blood & pH
39
Arterial blood pH
7.4 ±0.02
40
Carbonic acid/Bicarbonate buffer system
1. CO2 diffuses into blood from tissues 2. In RBC's CO2 combines with H2O to form H2CO3/Carbonic acid (Facilitated by carbonic anhydrase) 3. H2CO3 breakds down into HCO3/Bicarbonate & H+ 4. H+ are neutralized by attaching to hemoglobin 5. HCO3 moves into plasma (Down its gradient)
41
Chloride shift
To balance negative charge of HCO3 leaving the erythrocytes CL- is drawn from plasma into erythrocytes
42
Buffer system if pH decrease/Increase in H+
-H+ combines with HCO3 to form H2CO3 -Removes free H+ to buffer decreases in pH
43
Buffer system if pH increases/Decrease in H+
H2CO3 dissociates into H+ and HCO3- releasing H+ ionto the blood to buffer against an increasing pH
44
Hyperventilation impact
-Decreased carbonic acid production in RBC's -Less H+ produced by dissociation -Respiratory alkalosis (Higher than normal pH)
45
Hypoventilation
-Co2 not properly removed from body -Increased carbonic acid production -More H+ produced by dissociation -Results in respiratory acidosis (Lower pH than normal)
46
What can impact respiration rate
-Physical phenomena: Talking, yawning, coughing, exercise -Chemical factors: O2/CO2 concentrations and pH fluctuations

BSCI202: Anatomy & Physiology II (16 decks)

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