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TEAS > Macromolecules > Flashcards

Macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four basic organic macromolecules produced by ANABOLIC reactions?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • lipids
  • nucleic acids
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2
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

large and complex, play an important role in CELL STRUCTURE and FUNCTION

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3
Q

What are the four basic building blocks involved in catabolic reactions?

A

Monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids, nucleotides

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4
Q

Where does the primary source of energy come from and how?

A

Carbohydrates since they can be easily converted into glucose

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5
Q

Glucose can be broken down by what?

A

respiration or fermentations by GLYCOLYSIS

- involved in photosynthesis and respiration

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6
Q

Carbohydrates take form of some variation of…

A

CH2O

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7
Q

What are the types of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, fructose, sucrose

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8
Q

The simple sugars can be grouped into what two groups?

A

monosaccharides and disaacharides

- belong under carbohydrates

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9
Q

Monosaccharides have ____ carbon for every ____ water molecule

A

1,1

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10
Q

What is the funtion of carbohydrates?

A
  • structural functions
  • providing energy
  • recognition molecules
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11
Q

Lipids _____ mix well with water solutions.

A

Do NOT

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12
Q

Which macromolecules can be polymers?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

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13
Q

What is the function of lipids?

A
  • energy storage

- structural functions

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14
Q

What does lipid have?

A

many C-H bonds

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15
Q

Example of lipids

A
  • fat
  • phospholipids
  • steroid
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16
Q

Fats are made of long chains of…

A

Three fatty acids bound to a glycerol

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17
Q

What are chains with reduced carbon at one end and a carboxylic acid group at the other?

A

fatty acids

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18
Q

phospholipids (structure)

A
  • lipids

- have two fatty acids molecules bonded to 1 glycerol (have a phosphate group)

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19
Q

Glycerides are formed from…

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

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20
Q

Fat and oil are examples of what kind of lipid?

A

Glycerides

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21
Q

What type of lipid is derived from cholesterol?

A

steroids

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22
Q

What are macromolecules formed from amino acids?

A

proteins

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23
Q

Amino acids bind to form…

A

Peptides (10-100 linked together is polypeptide)

- they are a compound of 2 or more amino acids

24
Q

Peptide connections are the result of _________

A

Condensation reactions

25
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

Loss of water when two molecules are joined together

26
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

ADDITION of water when two molecules are joined

27
Q

____ is added to the smaller molecule and _____ is aded to the other molecule during a hydrolysis reaction.

A

Hydrogen, hydroxide

28
Q

What are formed by the partial hydrolysis of a protein?

A

Amino acids

29
Q

Partial hydrolysis involves what two things?

A

Amine group and a carboxylic acid

30
Q

In the carbon chain of amino acids, what is included?

A

Carboxylic acid group, Amine group, central carbon atom, attached hydrogen, and an attached “R” group (side chain)

31
Q

What determines the properties of protein?

A

The “R” group, or the side chain

32
Q

Which protein have hydrophilic properties?

A

Globular proteins

33
Q

Enzymes

A
  • proteins with strong catalytic power

- accelerate speed with at which specific reactions approach equilibirum

34
Q

How do enzymes speed up reactions?

A

By lowering the energy required by the system to initiate the reaction

35
Q

Each type of enzyme deals with reactants, also called ______

A

substrates

36
Q

Enzymes only interact with what kind of substrates?

A

Only with substrates that are a match.

37
Q

Are enzymes selective or open?

A

selective

38
Q

Which type of macromolecule are composed of nucleotides?

A

Nucleic acids

39
Q

Nucleic acids are broken down by enzymes to produce __________

A

Shorter strings of RNA and DNA

40
Q

oligonucleotides

A

-are broken down into smaller sugar nitrogenous units (aka nucleosides)

41
Q

Nucleosides

A
  • can be digested by cells since the sugar is divided from the nitrogenous base
42
Q

Macromolecular nucleic acid polymers

A
  • are monomeric units joined by phosphodiester bonds
43
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

used to synthesize nucleotides for DNA and amino acids for proteins

44
Q

What uses the enzyme nitrogenase in the reduction of dinitrogen gas to ammonia?

A

nitrogen fixation

45
Q

What catalyzes the transfer of genetic information into protein coded information?

A

RNA

46
Q

_____ contains nucleotides composed of a deoxyribose sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate molecule.

A

DNA

47
Q

triglycerides (structure)

A

made of 1 glycerol molecules attached to 3 fatty acid molecules

48
Q

What is the function of triglycerides?

A
  • source of energy when carbs not available
  • helps with absorption of certain vitamins
  • help insulate body and maintain normal core temperature
49
Q

phospholipids (function)

A

protects cells; which allows them to mix with aqueous solutions

50
Q

steroids (structure)

A

made up of 4 fused carbon rings

51
Q

steroids (functions)

A
  • often mixed into phospholipids bilayers to maintain structure of cell membrane and aid in cell signaling
  • essential for regulation of metabolism and immune response
52
Q

nucleic acid (structure)

A

made up of 5-carbon sugar molecules with nitrogen-containing base and 1+ phosphate groups attached

53
Q

DNA

A

in charge of long-term storage of genetic info that can be passed on to generations

54
Q

RNA

A

single-stranded and responsible for directing construction of proteins within cells

55
Q

protein (function)

A
  • help maintain and repair body tissue
  • provide source of energy
  • form antibodies to aid immune system
  • large component in transporting molecules within body

TEAS (19 decks)

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