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NUR 325 > Male reproductive > Flashcards

Male reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

testicular cancer

A

Known cause of male sterility
Affects ages 15-34

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2
Q

risk factors of testicular cancer

A

Family history
Caucasian
HIV infection in aids stage
Cryptochidism-empty scrotum at birth

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3
Q

Germ cell tumors

A

Sperm forming cells

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4
Q

Seminoma’s

A

immature germ cell
Slow growing, nonaggressive
Easily cured with radiation

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5
Q

Non-seminoma’s

A

mature germ cell
More aggressive
Treated with surgery

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6
Q

early s/sx germ, cell tumors

A

Painless, enlarged mass of testicle
If discomfort, acne in groin or abdomen
Sensation of heaviness in scrotum

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7
Q

late s/sx germ cell tumors

A

Possible Frank pain
Based on metastatic spread
Cough, hemoptysis
Swelling of lower extremities
Back pain
Dizziness

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8
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

nonmalignant enlargement of prostate
Increases epithelial cells in smooth muscle cells

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9
Q

prostate

A

Gland surrounding urethra
Produces seminal fluids

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10
Q

how much does a healthy men’s prostate weigh?

A

4-20 g
Walnut size

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11
Q

Risk factors for BPH

A

older men
Family history
Race/ethnicity

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12
Q

Which race is at most risk for BPH

A

African-Americans

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13
Q

which race is at least risk for BPH

A

Japanese

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14
Q

BPH etiology

A

1– hormone inbalance
2– DHT accumulation

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15
Q

hormone imbalance

A

decreased testosterone
Increased estrogen = growth factors of prostate

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16
Q

DHT accumulation

A

Testosterone + 5 alpha reductase
Acts on skin – acne
Acts on hair follicles – chest, but off scalp
Stimulates growth of prostate cells

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17
Q

s/sx BPH

A

frequency urgency
Delay in initiation
Increased urination time
Dribbling
Reduction in force

18
Q

Is there a link between size in prostate and symptoms?

A

No

19
Q

Complications with BPH

A

obstruction – nephropathy
Recurring, UTI, bladder stones
Renal problems

20
Q

treatment for mild symptoms

A

Watchful waiting, annual reevaluation

21
Q

treatment for moderate symptoms

A

Drug therapy

22
Q

Treatment for severe symptoms

A

invasive surgery
Microwave therapy

23
Q

prostate cancer

A

Most common male cancer in US

24
Q

What race is most at risk for prostate cancer?

A

African-American males

25
Q

What race is that lowest for prostate cancer?

A

Asians and Native Americans

26
Q

Risk factors for prostate cancer

A

> 50 years
familial tendency
High fat diet

27
Q

early s/sx prostate cancer

A

Asymptomatic

28
Q

later s/sx prostate cancer

A

BPH type presentation
Meta-stasis to bone and lungs
Severe pain, cough, sputum

29
Q

prognosis of prostate cancer

A

Stage dependent
Early diagnosis – better

30
Q

controversy

A

Most common cause of cancer deaths

Most prostate cancer grows slowly that men die of other causes

Mini cases never become clinically relevant

Survival depends on stage spread

31
Q

PSA screening

A

Prostate specific antigen
Questionable benefit
Detects earlier cancer diagnosis
Potential harms from preventable treatments - ED, urinary incontinence, bowel problems
Mini unnecessary biopsies

32
Q

prognosis of prostate cancer

A

Prostate cancer doesn’t kill everyone
Low, intermediate, high-grade cancer

33
Q

Gleason score

A

Higher=worse

34
Q

Tumor volume

A

higher PSA level= worse
More number of cores= worse

35
Q

PSA testing versus digital rectal exam

A

PSA-if history, increased risk
Digital rectal exam – decrease risks

36
Q

Erectile dysfunction

A

impotence
Inability to achieve or maintain erection, sufficient for satisfactory sexual intercourse

Associated with chronic illness

37
Q

primary ED

A

Rare
Lifelong in ability due to severe psychological problems in early vascular trauma

38
Q

secondary ED

A

Most common
History of normal directions progresses to inability
Organic or psychological causes

39
Q

organic causes

A

PVD – insufficient, arterial flow, excessive, venous, drainage, sedentary lifestyle

Meds – antidepressants, antihypertensives

Endocrine problems – decreased testosterone

Trauma, surgery

40
Q

psychological causes

A

Depression
Low desire
Performance anxiety
strained relationship

41
Q

physiology of normal erection

A

sexual arousal

Increased PNS and nitric oxide release

Activation of CGMP

Relaxation of arteries and smooth muscles

Increased inflow and decreased outflow

Engorgement an erection

42
Q

Priapism

A

painful erection
>4 hours
Medical emergency

NUR 325 (14 decks)

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