Male reproductive

Question 1

testicular cancer

Answer 1

Known cause of male sterility
Affects ages 15-34

Question 2

risk factors of testicular cancer

Answer 2

Family history
Caucasian
HIV infection in aids stage
Cryptochidism-empty scrotum at birth

Question 3

Germ cell tumors

Answer 3

Sperm forming cells

Question 4

Seminoma’s

Answer 4

immature germ cell
Slow growing, nonaggressive
Easily cured with radiation

Question 5

Non-seminoma’s

Answer 5

mature germ cell
More aggressive
Treated with surgery

Question 6

early s/sx germ, cell tumors

Answer 6

Painless, enlarged mass of testicle
If discomfort, acne in groin or abdomen
Sensation of heaviness in scrotum

Question 7

late s/sx germ cell tumors

Answer 7

Possible Frank pain
Based on metastatic spread
Cough, hemoptysis
Swelling of lower extremities
Back pain
Dizziness

Question 8

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Answer 8

nonmalignant enlargement of prostate
Increases epithelial cells in smooth muscle cells

Question 9

prostate

Answer 9

Gland surrounding urethra
Produces seminal fluids

Question 10

how much does a healthy men’s prostate weigh?

Answer 10

4-20 g
Walnut size

Question 11

Risk factors for BPH

Answer 11

older men
Family history
Race/ethnicity

Question 12

Which race is at most risk for BPH

Answer 12

African-Americans

Question 13

which race is at least risk for BPH

Answer 13

Japanese

Question 14

BPH etiology

Answer 14

1– hormone inbalance
2– DHT accumulation

Question 15

hormone imbalance

Answer 15

decreased testosterone
Increased estrogen = growth factors of prostate

Question 16

DHT accumulation

Answer 16

Testosterone + 5 alpha reductase
Acts on skin – acne
Acts on hair follicles – chest, but off scalp
Stimulates growth of prostate cells

Question 17

s/sx BPH

Answer 17

frequency urgency
Delay in initiation
Increased urination time
Dribbling
Reduction in force

Question 18

Is there a link between size in prostate and symptoms?

Answer 18

No

Question 19

Complications with BPH

Answer 19

obstruction – nephropathy
Recurring, UTI, bladder stones
Renal problems

Question 20

treatment for mild symptoms

Answer 20

Watchful waiting, annual reevaluation

Question 21

treatment for moderate symptoms

Answer 21

Drug therapy

Question 22

Treatment for severe symptoms

Answer 22

invasive surgery
Microwave therapy

Question 23

prostate cancer

Answer 23

Most common male cancer in US

Question 24

What race is most at risk for prostate cancer?

Answer 24

African-American males

Question 25

What race is that lowest for prostate cancer?

Answer 25

Asians and Native Americans

Question 26

Risk factors for prostate cancer

Answer 26

>50 years familial tendency High fat diet

Question 27

early s/sx prostate cancer

Answer 27

Asymptomatic

Question 28

later s/sx prostate cancer

Answer 28

BPH type presentation Meta-stasis to bone and lungs Severe pain, cough, sputum

Question 29

prognosis of prostate cancer

Answer 29

Stage dependent Early diagnosis – better

Question 30

controversy

Answer 30

Most common cause of cancer deaths Most prostate cancer grows slowly that men die of other causes Mini cases never become clinically relevant Survival depends on stage spread

Question 31

PSA screening

Answer 31

Prostate specific antigen Questionable benefit Detects earlier cancer diagnosis Potential harms from preventable treatments - ED, urinary incontinence, bowel problems Mini unnecessary biopsies

Question 32

prognosis of prostate cancer

Answer 32

Prostate cancer doesn’t kill everyone Low, intermediate, high-grade cancer

Question 33

Gleason score

Answer 33

Higher=worse

Question 34

Tumor volume

Answer 34

higher PSA level= worse More number of cores= worse

Question 35

PSA testing versus digital rectal exam

Answer 35

PSA-if history, increased risk Digital rectal exam – decrease risks

Question 36

Erectile dysfunction

Answer 36

impotence Inability to achieve or maintain erection, sufficient for satisfactory sexual intercourse Associated with chronic illness

Question 37

primary ED

Answer 37

Rare Lifelong in ability due to severe psychological problems in early vascular trauma

Question 38

secondary ED

Answer 38

Most common History of normal directions progresses to inability Organic or psychological causes

Question 39

organic causes

Answer 39

PVD – insufficient, arterial flow, excessive, venous, drainage, sedentary lifestyle Meds – antidepressants, antihypertensives Endocrine problems – decreased testosterone Trauma, surgery

Question 40

psychological causes

Answer 40

Depression Low desire Performance anxiety strained relationship

Question 41

physiology of normal erection

Answer 41

sexual arousal Increased PNS and nitric oxide release Activation of CGMP Relaxation of arteries and smooth muscles Increased inflow and decreased outflow Engorgement an erection

Question 42

Priapism

Answer 42

painful erection >4 hours Medical emergency