Meaning & Representation Flashcards
(25 cards)
What is an attachment?
Attachment is a bond between an individual and a community/place.
What 6 factors affect attachment?
1) Memories
2) Length of residence
3) Stage of life-cycle
4) Gender
5) Ethnicity and shared culture
6) Studentification
Give an example of how memories affect attachment of a place?
- People can be attached to a ‘homeland’ or an ideology
- An example is a nation where they have never lived.
- This implies heritage or a sense of identity may also be important.
Give an example of how length of residence affect attachment of a place?
- If you live somewhere longer, then you are likely to have more memories.
- But if all your memories are negative, then you may not feel too attached to the place.
Give an example of how stage of life-cycle affect attachment of a place?
- Young adults may prefer to live in locations where work, shops and leisure facilities are close by.
- Older people and young families may prefer a more secluded space with open land.
Give an example of how gender affect attachment of a place?
- The perception of ‘safety’ (or lack of it) in some urban areas still impacts on gender
– e.g. train carriages or dark alleys at night may be more likely to affect women and their feeling of attachment relative to men.
Give 2 examples of how ethnicity and shared culture affect attachment of a place?
- The character of a place may have changed to reflect the place of origin of the ethnic group e.g. ‘Chinatowns’ in cities.
- More Polish groceries have opened around Manchester and this has correlated with migration from Poland and the EU.
What is studentification?
Studentification describes the concentration of young adults around post-16 educational establishments in urban areas. They often live in multiple occupancy housing.
Give a multi-cultural statistic of London in 2011
- The 2011 census found that 36.7% of London’s population was born in a foreign country.
- 24.5% of which were born outside of Europe.
Give an example of mixed loyalty in terms of national identity
- Many individuals with Indian cultural heritage support the Indian cricket team vs England, even though they were born in England.
- However, they may also support the England football team.
What 4 factors affect national identity?
1) legal systems
2) methods of governance
3) national character
4) landscape or climate
Give an example of how legal systems can influence a national identity?
- In the USA, the First Amendment outlining freedom of speech and the Second Amendment outlining the right to bear a firearm are fiercely defended by many citizens.
- The NRA (National Rifle Association) spent $15m in 2017 (mainly on lobbying and threatening to unseat politicians) to defend the Second Amendment.
Give an example of how methods of governance can influence a national identity?
- The Magna Carta, signed in the UK in 1215 established a set of principles, including the personal freedom/liberty of citizens.
- The Magna Carta reportedly influenced Thomas Jefferson, a founding father of the USA.
Give an example of how national character can influence a national identity?
- The national motto of France is ‘Liberté, égalité, fraternité’. This means liberty, equality and fraternity.
- These are the founding values of the French state and were adopted in the 1848 revolution in France.
Give 2 examples of how landscape or climate can influence a national identity?
1) Although this is difficult to define, the English landscape of the countryside has some power. Whether this is the Yorkshire Dales or Cotswolds is another question.
2) In Barcelona, the Catalan identity holds up architects like Gaudi with great pride.
Give a statistic in the change in Britain’s national identity in terms of religion
- In 1900, religion was very important. There were high levels of religious observance (primarily for Anglican and Catholic beliefs)
- Today, society is more secular and non-religious. More minority faiths, such as Judaism and Islam are growing and prospering.
Give a statistic in the change in Britain’s national identity in terms of food
- In 1900, food was generally sourced and seasonal. Native herbs like fennel, mint and elder were common.
- Today, there are more global and varied tastes in food:
1) In Soho, London, there are more than 13 Korean restaurants and more than 15 Indian restaurants in an area of about a square mile.
2) The Chicken Tikka Masala, one of the most popular curries in the UK, was reportedly invented by Pakistani Chef, Ali Aslam, in Glasgow.
Give a statistic in the change in Britain’s national identity in terms of identity
- In 1900, local communities were very strong. People had a strong sense of belonging to a town or county. Regional dialects were strong and most people were fiercely patriotic and willing to fight for their countries (as World War One showed).
- 27% of British people would fight for Britain, but 72% of Turks would fight for Turkey.
Give a statistic in the change in Britain’s national identity in terms of roots of language
- In 1900, the English language had its sole origin in Celtic, Saxon, Scandinavian, Roman, Greek and French.
- Today, Indian, Jamaican and American influences are getting stronger. This is because of migration, but also the globalisation of media.
- Americanisms like 24/7 and ‘I’m good’ are becoming more common.
What are the 3 informal ways of representing a place?
1) Development agencies
2) Advertising agencies
3) Tourist boards
Give 2 examples of how developing agencies can represent a place
1) Aberdeen, which has lots of oil companies like BP with offices there, is often called the ‘Energy Capital of Europe’.
2) Basingstoke has been called both Basingrad (in reference to the Soviet style of architecture) and according to Wikipedia, Amazingstoke, reportedly by a local rapper.
Give an example of how advertising agencies can represent a place
Private companies, like Sandals or Thomas Cook, the holiday companies, may portray places in a certain way to try to get people to go on holiday there.
Give 4 examples of how tourist boards can represent a place
- The Spanish tourist board ran a campaign called ‘Espana - I need Spain’ to attract tourists to a location.
- A city like Budapest may promote its Habsburg heritage and Superclubs
- Amsterdam may promote its canals, bicycles and more.
- Barcelona may promote their football team to tourists as part of the travel experience
What are 3 formal ways to represent a place?
1) Data
2) GIS
3) Governmetn representations
