Population Change Flashcards
(61 cards)
1
Q
What is natural change?
A
the relationship between crude birth rates and crude death rates, usually indicated as a %
2
Q
What is crude birth rate?
A
the number of live births per 1000 population per year.
3
Q
What is crude death rate?
A
the number of deaths per 1000 population per year.
4
Q
What is fertility rate?
A
the number of live births per 1000 women aged 15-49 per year.
5
Q
What is infant mortality rate?
A
the number of children under the age of one who dies per 1000 live births per year.
6
Q
What is life expectancy?
A
the average age to which a person is expected to live, at birth.
7
Q
What is DTM?
A
Refers to the Demographic Transition Model shows population change over time, and splits this into 5 stages.
8
Q
What are the 5 main stages of the DTM?
A
1) high fluctuating
2) early expanding
3) late expanding
4) low fluctuating
5) decline
9
Q
What is high fluctuating describe in the DTM?
A
a period of high birth rates and high death rates, both of which fluctuate. Population growth is small.
10
Q
What is early expanding describe in the DTM?
A
a period of high birth rates but falling death rates. The population begins to expand rapidly.
11
Q
What is late expanding describe in the DTM?
A
a period of falling birth rates and continuing falling death rates. Population continues to grow but at a slower rate.
12
Q
What is low fluctuating describe in the DTM?
A
a period of low birth rates and low death rates both of which fluctuate. Population growth is small.
13
Q
What is decline describe in the DTM?
A
a later period when death rates slightly exceed birth rates, causing a population to decline.
14
Q
What countries have high birth rates?
A
Niger, Burkina Faso, Mali and Burundi with 40 per 1000 per year
15
Q
What countries have low birth rates?
A
Singapore, Japan, Spain have birth rates of less than 12 per 1000 per year
16
Q
Which country has the largest mortality rate
A
Sierra Leone has a rate of 92 per 1000 live births.
17
Q
What does the population pyramid tell us?
A
illustrates the age-sex composition of a population, which could be at a city or national scale.
18
Q
How many stages are in the population pyramids?
A
5 stages
19
Q
What is stage 1 in the population pyramid?
A
- Stage 1 has a triangular shape which shows a wide base (indicating a high birth rate) and sloping sides (indicating a high death rate) forming a peak with few elderly.
- E.g. Burkina Faso
20
Q
What is stage 2 in the population pyramid?
A
- In stage 2, the sides become slightly steeper, showing a decrease in the death rate.
- E.g. Afghanistan.
21
Q
What is stage 3 in the population pyramid?
A
- In stage 3, the sides are steep but the base is less wide showing a decline in the birth rate.
- E.g. Mexico.
22
Q
What is stage 4 in the population pyramid?
A
- Stage 4 is a dome-shape. The sides are steep all the way up to the 65 age group and there is an increase in the height of the pyramid, showing more older people.
- E.g. the UK.
23
Q
What is stage 5 in the population pyramid?
A
- In stage 5 the base narrows further, showing the recent lower birth rate.
- E.g. Sweden.
24
Q
What are the 3 dependencies and cultural controls on population pyramids?
A
1) attitudes to women
2) gender preferences
3) religion
25
What is the dependency ratio?
the relationship between the economically active (working) population and the non-economically active (dependent) population.
26
What are the 2 types of dependency?
A youthful population and an aging population
27
What are the 3 criticisms to the DTM?
- The model underplays the importance of political, religious and cultural factors that affect fertility.
- The model makes no specific reference to the impact of migration on population change.
- The signs of progress of some developing countries through the demographic transition is currently slow or even static.
28
What is the demographic dividend?
the benefit a country gets when its working population is much larger than its dependent population (children and the retired).
29
How does the demographic dividend boosts growth?
- A large, young workforce serves as a powerful magnet for ‘footloose’ global companies to invest in the country.
- Workers with fewer children begin investing some of their income, contributing to financial growth.
- Women become more likely to enter the formal workforce, promoting greater gender equality.
- Salaried workers quickly become consumers, so global retailers and media corporations view these countries as important emerging markets.
30
State the migration statistic in 2016
In 2016, it was estimated that 250 million people live in a country where they were not born. This is about 4% of the world's population.
31
What is migration?
involves a permanent or semi-permanent change of residence.
32
What is net migration?
the difference between the numbers of in-migrants and out-migrants.
33
What is international migration?
the movement of people across national frontiers, for a minimum of one year.
34
What is an economic migrant?
a person who moves voluntarily for work or to improve his/her social conditions.
35
What is an asylum seeker?
a person who has applied for refugee status and is waiting for a decision as to whether or not they qualify.
36
What is a refugee?
a person who, owing to a fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, has fled their country and sought protection in another country.
37
What are the 6 common migrant routes?
1) South Asia to Middle East
2) South Asia to Europe
3) South Asia to North America
4) Latin America to Europe
5) North America to Europe
6) Sub-Saharan Africa & Middle East to Europe
38
Describe the South Asia to Middle East migrant route?
- The area of origin is South/South East Asia, with the flow of people moving to the Middle East.
- The primary reason for this migration pattern is economic.
- Migrants with low skills move to the Middle East for work. They often receive low wages and work in construction.
- There are over 1 million 'gulf wives' in Kerala, India, whose husbands work in the Middle East.
39
Describe the South Asia to Europe migrant route?
- The pattern of migration from South Asia to Europe as the destination is primarily driven by a desire for family reunification.
- Previous generations may have moved to Europe and others want to follow.
- Attractive economic, political and social conditions may make Europe a more attractive place to unify than South Asia.
40
Describe the South Asia to North America migrant route?
- The migration pattern from South Asia to North America is primarily driven by economic reasons.
- Unlike the movement from South Asia to the Middle East, migrants moving to North America usually have high skills and are seeking high wages in the area of destination.
41
Describe the Latin America to Europe migrant route?
- The flow of migrants from Latin America to Europe is primarily driven by strong cultural ties.
- Portugal and Spain had large empires in Latin America during the colonial era. Portuguese is the language of Brazil and Spanish is used in Argentina and Mexico.
42
Describe the North America to Europe migrant route?
- The movement of migrants from North America to Europe is primarily economic and is partially driven by TNCs.
- These migrants usually have high skills and are seeking high wages. The expansion of TNCs and their global presence means that lots of people may be asked to move by a TNC.
43
Describe the Sub-Saharan Africa & Middle East to Europe migrant route?
- Migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa and Western Asia often move to Europe for economic or political reasons.
- They generally have low skills and are seeking wages.
- Some may be refugees and asylum seekers who are fleeing conflict in the area of origin (e.g current wars in Syria and Libya).
44
What are the 3 Push Factors that drive migrants out of the country?
- Environmental - If there is a natural disaster in a region (earthquake, tsunami, etc.) then people may be pushed out of an area.
- Mechanisation - Automation of farming means that fewer jobs are available in rural areas.
- Politics/War - People might be forced to flee their homes because of conflict. The Syrian Civil War involving Bashar al-Assad is an example of this.
45
What are the 3 Pull Factors that attract migrants toward a country?
- Economic - Some nations provide more jobs, which are often better paid.
- Quality of life - Healthcare and education are more easily accessible in urban areas.
- Family - Some migrants may join other family members that have already moved to a country.
46
What is Perception?
This means the subjective view that a person has of an environment, derived from personal experience, the experience of others and the media.
47
What are the 4 types of tension caused by international migration?
1) Cultural
2) Demographic
3) Political
4) Economic
48
What are the 3 ways in which Cultural tensions are caused by international migration?
- Cultural clash (host country)
- Brain Drain (source country)
- Human Trafficking (source country)
49
What are the 2 ways in which Demographic tensions are caused by international migration?
- Public services (host country)
- Refugee crisis
50
What are the 3 ways in which political tensions are caused by international migration?
- international borders
- asylum seekers
- refugees and populist parties
51
What are the 2 ways in which economic tensions are caused by international migration?
- Positive for enterprise
- Remittances
52
Elaborate the Culture clash in host countries
- Conflict can develop between host communities and 'newcomers'. If migrants do not speak the host language well, this can cause tensions and fear.
- People with nationalist or patriotic feelings may feel threatened by new arrivals.
53
Elaborate brain drain in source countries
- Migrants leaving can result in a 'brain drain' of skilled labour out of the country of origin. Although remittances may be sent back to families it may be hard to offset the loss of skilled labour.
- Brain drain can also be called human capital flight.
- The IAB estimates that Cambodia has lost roughly 50% of its skilled labour to brain drain.
- It is often only the wealthier and better educated who are able to leave a country.
54
Elaborate human trafficking in source countries
- Those migrating may have to work with human traffickers. This leaves people, particularly women and children, vulnerable to exploitation and forced labour.
- It is estimated that there are more than 10,000 modern slaves, doing forced unpaid labour in the UK.
55
Elaborate on public services in host countries
- Immigrant populations, especially if they are segregated in places like refugee camps can put public services in the host country under pressure.
- There will be more people needing the services, but also education, housing and healthcare infrastructure may need to be built in refugee camps.
56
Elaborate on the refugee crisis
- Refugees escaping wars may need emergency food, shelter, water and medicines.
- Organisations like the United Nations and UNICEF may work to offer these facilities, but governments may also be involved.
- Some of these people may want to return to their country of origin now or in the future, but the risks are high.
57
Elaborate on international borders
- International borders can be areas of conflict between border control authorities from different countries.
- The border between France and Britain at Calais had the 'Calais Jungle' full of migrants held at the border between the two countries.
- Who is responsible for monitoring illegal migrants and human traffickers is often unclear.
58
Elaborate on asylum seekers
- Asylum seekers may not live in the best conditions whilst awaiting asylum. They can be held in detention centres, are not allowed to work, and get very small financial sums to spend on food, sanitation and clothing for the duration of their application.
- In 2018, child migrants in the USA were reportedly kept in caged enclosures in an abandoned Walmart in Texas.
59
Elaborate on Refugees and populist parties
- The EU supports the free movement of labour within its members.
- However, when migrant ships arrive at the border or coast, many countries refuse to let the boat land, forcing them to continue their journey on often dangerous ships.
- Viktor Orban, Hungarian Prime Minister has argued against EU money going to migrants and does not support the EU's stance on migrants.
60
Elaborate on positive for enterprise
Economic opportunities are created because many migrants set up their own businesses. This can increase a country's economic growth and the tax revenues that the government receives.
61
Elaborate on remittances
- Migrant remittances can increase inequality between families who receive them and those that do not in the source country.
- Remittances have been made easier in recent years with digital banking solutions like TransferWise and Revolut.
