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Medical Syndromes Flashcards

(79 cards)

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0
Q

3 types of diabetes

A
  • type 1
  • type 2
  • Gestational Diabetes
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1
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

characterized by high levels of glucose resulting from defects in insulin production/action

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2
Q

complications of diabetes

A
  • Stroke
  • Heart Attack
  • Kidney disease
  • eye disease
  • Nerve damage
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3
Q

type I diabetes

A
  • Cells that produce insulin are destroyed

- detected before 30

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4
Q

Type II diabetes

A
  • blood glucose rise due to the lack of insulin
  • insufficient of insulin
  • detected after 40
  • causes B-cell failure
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5
Q

Fasting Plasma Glucose test (glycated hemoglobin test)

A
  • 80-90 normal
  • 100-125 mg/dl: pre-diabetes
  • > 126: diabetes
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6
Q

Oral glucose tolerance test

A
  • 2 hrs after glucose rich drink
  • 140-199: pre-diabetes
  • > 200: diabetes
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7
Q

Type 1 treatment

A

insulin

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8
Q

type 2 treatment

A
  • associated with obesity

- insulin resitance

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9
Q

Energy expenditure:

A

amount of energy (calories) a person uses

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10
Q

english BMI formula

A

((weight (lb) )/( height (in) * height (in))) *703

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11
Q

Metric BMI formula

A

((weight (kg) )/( height (m) * height (m)))

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12
Q

underweight

A

<18.5

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13
Q

normal range

A

18.5-24.9

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14
Q

Overweight

A

> 25

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15
Q

preobese

A

25.0- 29.9

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16
Q

obese

A

> 30

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17
Q

glycemic index

A

information of how foods affect blood sugar and insulin

- lower the less it affects insulin level

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18
Q

acute complications of diabetes

A
  • hyperglycemia
  • DKA
  • Hyperosmolar coma
  • hypoglycemia
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19
Q

chronic complications of diabetes

A
  • accelerated atherosclerosis
  • hypertension
  • hypetryglyceridema
  • retinopathy
  • nephropathy
  • neuropathy
  • foot ulcer
  • infections
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20
Q

glycated hemoglobin

A

blood test to determine how well your diabetes is being controlled

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21
Q

metabolic syndrome

A
  • cluster of disorders of your body’s metabolism
  • also known as
  • syndrome x
  • deadly quartet
  • insulin resistance syndrome (related with obesity)
  • dysmetabolic syndrome
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22
Q

Signs of Metabolic syndrome

A
  • central obesity
  • high-blood pressure
  • high triglycerides
  • low cholesterol
  • insulin resistance
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23
Q

metabolic syndrome factors

A
  • blacks and native americans
  • abdominal obesity
  • 40% of the age of 40
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24
Diagnosing metabolic syndrome
- waist circumference: >35 (woman); >40 (men) - triglyceride: 150 or higher - blood pressure: 130/85 - Fasting blood glucose: 110 - cholesterol: < 50 (woman); <40 (men)
25
aspirin
reduces heart attack
26
medications that lower blood pressure
- diuretics - ACE inhibitors - calcium channel blockers - beta blockers
27
Medications that regulate cholesterol
- naicin | - statin fibrates
28
liver
- regulates nutrients and metabolic levels from blood | - secretes bile
29
Hepatocytes
- chemical transformation factories - epithelial linning of sinusoids - convert organic material
30
cholesterol (liver)
needed for - cell membranes - vitamin D - hormones (progesteron and testosterone) - myelin * 85% is good
31
cholesterol (gut)
dietary fats
32
cholesterol ( blood)
- myelin - hormones - vitamins
33
Hepatitis A
- RNA virus - fecal-oral - rarely becomes chronic
34
Hepatitis B
- DNA virus - surface and core - consists of antigen and e-antigen - infections are subclinical - parenteral or sexual transmission - hepto-cellular necrosis occurs
35
hands liver disease
- erythema - clubbing - dupythrens - leuconychia - flapping tremos
36
upper body liver disease
- jaundice - spider angiomata - gunaecomastia and scant body hair - scratch marks
37
abdomen
- asutes - hepatosplenomegally - caput medusa - hemorrhoids - small testes
38
blood pressure
- resitance in the blood vessels to flow of blood - P=QR * p= pressure * r= resistant * q= cardiac volume
39
systolic
- high contraction
40
diastolic
- relaxation
41
Guyton hypothesis
- can't release Na+
42
factors that maintain blood pressure
- sympathetic nervous system - kidneys * *work with salt and water and help epinephrine with vasocontruction
43
normal pressure
- systolic : < 120 | - diastolic : < 80
44
pre-hypertension pressure
- systolic : 120-139 | - diastolic : 80- 89
45
hypertension stage 1 pressure
- systolic : 140-159 | - diastolic : 90- 99
46
hypertension stage 2 pressure
- systolic : > 160 | - diastolic : > 100
47
hypertension
does not give warning and symptoms
48
untreated hypertensions results
- arteriosclerosis - heart attack - enlarged heart - kidney damage - stroke - blindness
49
factors of hypertension
- high blood pressure - family history - african american ancestry - overweight - excess consumption of sodium chloride - salt sensitive (tongued receptors decrease with time) - alcohol comsumption - no excersice
50
treatment for hypertension
reduce sodium and salt
51
control hypertension
- Ca, Mg, and K - micronutrients and diet - fruits and vegetables
52
beta blockers
help heart beat slower | - can cause bronchoconstriction
53
ACE inhibitors
block renin vasodilation | - can convert into vasoconsttriction
54
Angiotensin II receptor blocker
- prevents vasoconstriction
55
calcium channel blockers and alpha beta blockers
keep calcium out the muscle cells of your heart and blood vessels
56
Vasodilators
reduce resistance
57
target organs for hypertension
- heart - brain - kidney
58
coronary artery
left anterior decending system | - block 3 times more likely to die
59
heart disease
describes several problems related to plaque build up in the arteries
60
high C-protein levels
increase atheroclerosis
61
high homocysteine levels
increase clots
62
pathogenensis of coronary artery
- cytokine and growth factors-> activated microphages-> induce smooth muscles
63
Atheroesclerosis
- arteries get blocked -> cardiac muscles fails -> blood circulation decreases ->
64
stablish stable plaque
fibro-lipid plaque with a core lipid
65
thrombosis caused by erosion
adherent to the surface plaque
66
thrombosis caused by disruption
plaque has thorn thrombus within the lipid core extends into occludes the lumen - lesion of a heart attack
67
embus
fragment of thrombi
68
platelet embolization
thrombus which protrubes the arterial lumen but does not occlude
69
angiogram
type II eccentric ragged stenosis with intraluminal filling defect indicating thrombus over plaque
70
angioplasty
opens blocked or narrowed coronary arteries | - small mesh tube put in the artery
71
coronary artery bypass grafting
healthy blood vessels are used for a bypass
72
caratoid enclarterectomy
remove plaque
73
screening and diagnosis
- electrocardiogram - stress test - coronary angiography - blood test - chest x-ray - echocardiogram - ejection fractions: determines the well of the heart
74
nitroglycerin
lower heart rate and blood pressure
75
angiotensisting -converting enzyme
inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blocker to lower BP
76
digitalis
increasing strength of heart contractions
77
bypass surgery
healthy blood vessel is removed from leg, arm or chest | - new blood flow path to the heart
78
bypass graft
enables blood to reach your heart flowing around the blocked portion diseased artery

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