Step 1 Buzzwords Pathology Flashcards by ona saj

True or false? Klinefelter syndrome cannot be diagnosed until puberty.

True

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What is the term for an abnormal amount of collagen type III that produces a large bulging scar, seen primarily in blacks?

Keloid

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What form of sunlight is the most carcinogenic?

Ultraviolet B (UVB) sunlight

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What renal pathology involves uniform thickening of the glomerular capillary wall, granular appearance under the microscope, and effacement of foot processes?

MGN

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What enveloped RNA retrovirus infects CD4 T cells and uses the enzyme reverse transcriptase?

HIV

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What enzyme is deficient in chronic granulomatous disease of childhood?

NADPH oxidase

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What rare disorder presents as a large, hard, irregular thyroid gland due to fibrous proliferation of connective tissue in the thyroid gland and extends to adjacent structures?

Riedel thyroiditis

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Rheumatic fever most commonly follows pharyngeal infections with what bacteria?

Group A β-hemolytic streptococci

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What benign cardiac tumor is associated with tuberous sclerosis?

Rhabdomyoma

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What are the rules of 10 regarding pheochromocytoma?

10% are bilateral, 10% malignant, and 10% familial, 10% in children, and 10% outside the adrenal gland

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What vascular pathology is associated with HTN in the upper extremities, hypotension in the lower extremities, and a radial-femoral delay?

Postductal coarctation of the aorta (adult)

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What seronegative spondyloarthropathy is seen in HLA-B27-positive young females and presents with the triad of conjunctivitis, urethritis, and arthritis affecting the knees and ankles?

Reiter syndrome

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What AD disease involves hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles in association with esophageal carcinoma?

Tylosis

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A 20-year-old woman who was recently diagnosed with a sexually transmitted disease goes to the ER with a tender, painful, swollen, and erythematous knee (monoarticular). What organism is the likely culprit?

Neisseria gonorrhea (history of STD in patient with monoarticular infectious arthritis: think gonococcus)

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What vasculitis is characterized by systemic vasculitis in small to medium-size vessels (except the lung); affecting young males; 30% HBsAg-positive; P-ANCA and autoantibodies against myeloperoxidase?

Polyarteritis nodosa

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What malignant bone tumor is associated with familial retinoblastoma?

Osteosarcoma

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What bilateral AR disorder seen in infancy as progressive renal failure has multiple small cysts at right angles to the cortical surface?

Polycystic kidney disease of childhood

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In what syndrome does the patient have angiomatosis; renal cell carcinomas; pheochromocytomas; retinal, cerebellar, medulla, or spinal cord hemangioblastomas; and epidermal cysts?

von Hippel-Lindu syndrome

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What is the term for hyperextension of the PIP and flexion of the DIP joints in rheumatoid arthritis?

Swan-neck deformities

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What is the term for white retinal spots surrounded by hemorrhage? In what condition are they seen?

Roth spots, and they are seen in bacterial endocarditis.

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A 70-year-old man complains of urinary urgency, nocturia, hestancy, postvoid dribbling, urinary retention, and a PSA result of 6.5 ng/mL. What is your diagnosis?

BPH. Although an argument can be made for prostatic cancer (you should expect a much higher PSA result), these are buzzwords for BPH. Prostatic cancer is usually silent until late in the disease, when obstructive symptoms begin to occur.

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What triad consists of endothelial injury, changes in laminar flow, and hypercoagulation?

Virchow triad, associated with the formation of a thrombus.

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What bone cell has receptors for PTH?

Osteoblasts (Remember, they modulate the function of osteoclasts.)

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What type of PUD is characterized by the onset of burning epigastric pain immediately after eating?

Gastric ulcer

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What is the term for normal cellular genes associated with growth and differentiation?

Proto-oncogenes

Blue sclera is seen in what hereditary bone disorder?

Osteogenesis imperfecta

What form of anemia is diagnosed with sucrose lysis test and Ham test?

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

In what rare AR disorder do you see neutropenia, defective degranulation, and delayed microbial killing due to a problem in chemotaxis and migration?

Chediak-Higashi syndrome

What myeloid disorder is characterized by increased hematocrits, blood viscosity, basophils, and eosinophils; intense pruritus; and gastric ulcers due to histamine release from basophils, increased LAP, and plethora?

Polycethemia vera (Remember, polycytemia vera is a risk factor for acute leukemias.)

If you order a V/Q scan for suspected pulmonary emboli, is the filling defect seen on the ventilation or perfusion side?

Ventilation of an unperfused lung segment is highly suspicious for pulmonary embolism.

What transports iron in the blood?

Transferrin

What hematological malignancy is particularly likely to affect patients with Down syndrome?

ALL (nearly 15-20 times the normal risk)

What childhood pathology involves anterior bowing of the tibia, epiphyseal enlargements, and costochondral widening, with the endochondral bones being affected?

Rickets

A Japanese man has weight loss, anorexia, early satiety, epigastric abdominal pain, and a palpable left supraclavicular lymph node. On endoscopy you find a large, irregular ulcer with elevated margins on the lesser curvature of the stomach. What is your diagnosis?

Gastric carcinoma

What drug causes a sixfold increase in schizophrenia, can impair motor activity, and can cause lung problems?

Marijuana

What is the term for neurologic signs consistent with a cerebrovascular accident but lasting 24 hours with full recovery?

TIA

What is the name of the tumor when gastric carcinoma spreads to the ovaries?

Krukenberg tumor

What condition results from a deficiency in the enzyme hexosaminidase A?

Tay-Sachs disease

Which cerebral herniation results in compression of the anterior cerebral artery?

Cingulate gyrus herniation (subfalcine)

What pathology involves excessive fibrosis throughout the body via increased fibroblast activity, occurs in women more than men, and is most commonly seen in the third to the fifth decade?

Scleroderma

What is the term for the syndrome consisting of hepatomegaly, ascites, and abdominal pain due to hepatic vein thrombosis?

Budd-Chiari syndrome

What form of angina is characterized by | Coronary artery vasospasm, symptom occurrence at rest, ST segment elevation (during episode), and no signs on ECG?

Prinzmetal variant angina

Coronary artery luminal narrowing, symptom occurence during exertion, ST segment depression on ECG?

Stable angina

Coronary artery nonocclusive thrombus; symptom occurrence with increasing frequency, duration, intensity, and decreasing activity, frequently at rest?

Unstable (crescendo) angina

What skin condition is a localized proliferation of melanocytes presenting as small, oval, light brown macules?

Benign lentigo

What is the term for noneoplastic abnormal proliferation of cell size, shape, and cellular organization?

Dysplasia

What diagnosis ensues from finding well-demarcated erythematous palques with silvery scales on the knees, elbows, and scalp along with nail and pitting and discoloration?

Psoriasis

What renal disease in diabetic patients is seen as a halo of capillaries around the mesangial nodules?

Kimmelstiel-Wilson disease

What autoimmune liver disease is characterized by affecting a middle-aged woman with jaundice, pruritus, fatigue, xanthomas, increased direct bilirubin levels, and antimitochondrial Abs?

Primary biliary cirrhosis

What cell in chronic inflammation is derived from blood monocytes?

Macrophages

True or false? Pancreatic insufficiency results in vitamin B12 malabsorption.

True. Pancreatic enzymes begin the breakdown of vitamin B12-R complex in the duodenum.

What neuroendocrine tumor produces excess serotonin; is associated with diarrhea, flushing, bronchospasms, wheezing; and is diagnosed by findings of elevated urinary 5-HIAA levels?

Carcinoid tumor

What tumor constitutes 40% of testicular tumors in children?

Teratoma

What urinary metabolite is elevated in pheochromocytoma?

Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)

A 25-year-old black woman presents with nonproductive cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, and malaise; she has bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy on chest radiography and elevated ACE levels. What do you diagnose?

Sarcoidosis

What are the four reasons for hypochromic microcytic anemia with a low MCV?

1. Sideroblastic anemias (i.e., porphyrin and heme synthesis disorders) 2. Thalassemia 3. Iron deficiency 4. Lead poisoning

What is characterized by intense inflammatory reaction, an increase in the amounts of granulation tissue and wound contraction by myofibroblasts?

Healing by secondary intention

What thyroiditis presents as a tender, enlarged, firm thyroid gland, usually preceded by an upper respiratory viral illness?

de Quervain thyroiditis

What disorder leads to IgG autoantibodies to the TSH receptor?

Graves disease

What intrauterine deficiency leads to failure to thrive, mental retardation, motor incoordination, and stunted growth?

Iodine, resulting in congenital hypothyroidism

What pancreatic islet cell tumor is associated with MEN I syndrome?

Gastrinoma

What type of PUD is classically described by the onset of burning epigastric pain 1 to 3 hours after eating that is relieved by food?

Duodenal ulcer

What disease arises from the adrenal medulla, displaces and crosses the midline, metastasizes early, is the most common solid tumor, and is seen in the 2- to 4-year-old age group?

Neuroblastoma

What AD disease associated with chromosome 19 involves a defect in the LDL receptors that leads to skin and tendon xanthomas?

Familial hypercholesterolemia

A 20-year-old woman goes to the ER with ptosis, diplopia, weakness in her jaw muscles when chewing, and muscle weakness with repeated use. What is your diagnosis?

Myasthenia gravis

What is the term for RBCs with smooth undulations on the surface of their membrane, commonly seen in uremia?

Burr cells (echinocytes)

Name the cancer associated with the following tumor markers. (Some may have more than one answer.) β-hCG

Choriocarcinomas and trophoblastic tumors

CA-125

Ovarian tumor

CA-19.9 and CEA

Pancreatic cancer

α-Fetoprotein

Hepatoma and nonseminomatous testicular germ cell tumors

Calcitonin

Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid

PSA and prostatic acid phosphatase

Prostate cancer

Placental alkaline phosphatase

Seminoma

CEA

Cancer of the lung, stomach, colon, and breast

What seronegative spondyloarthropathy is seen in HLA-B27-positive young men, involves the sacroiliac joints, has no subcutaneous nodules, and has a bamboo spine appearance on radiograph?

Ankylosing spondylitis

What disorder is associated with decreased platelet count, prolonged PT and PTT, decreased fibrinogen, and increased fibrin split products (D-dimers)?

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

What spirochete is responsible for Lyme disease?

Borrelia burgdorferi

What very aggressive lung cancer metastasizes early and is associated with smoking and paraneoplastic syndromes?

Small cell carcinoma (oat cell)

What bone disorder is characterized by brown tumors, bone pain, deformities, and fractures due to excessive PTH?

Osteitis fibrosa cystica (von Recklinghausen disease)

``` What glycogen storage disease is due to the following enzyme deficiencies? Lysosomal glucosidase (acide maltase) ```

Pompe's disease

Muscle phosphorylase

McArdle's syndrome

Glucose-6-phosphatase

von Gierke's disease

What ovarian disease involves psammoma bodies?

Serocystadenocarcinoma

What cystic swelling of the chorionic villi is the most common precursor of choriocarcinoma?

Hydatidiform mole

In what condition do you see dimpling on the kidney's surface?

Pyelonephritis

What are the most common causes of osteomyelitis | Overall?

Staphylococcus aureus

In neonates?

Streptococcus agalactiae

In patients with sickle cell disease?

Staphylococcus aureus (but they are more prone to salmonella infections)

In drug addicts?

Pseudomonas

What malignant neoplasm of the bone is associated with Homer-Wright pseudorosettes; onion skinning of the periosteum on radiographs of the femur, pelvis, and tibia; and chromosome 11;22 translocation?

Ewing's sarcoma

What lymphoma is characterized by CD19, CD20, CD5; CD23-negative; and chromosome 11;14 translocations?

Mantle cell lymphoma

What components of the complement cascade form the MAC?

C5b-C9

True or false? HPV infection increases the risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma of the penis.

True. HPV serotypes 16 and 18 are risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma.

What form of coarctation of the aorta is associated with Turner syndrome?

Preductal (infantile)

True or false? An elevated serum osteocalcin level is a marker for increased bone formation.

True. Increased alkaline phosphatase levels also are associated with increased bone formation.

What is the most common opportunities infection of the CNS in HIV?

Toxoplasmosis

What hereditary bone disorder is due to decreased osteoclast function, resulting in thick, sclerotic bones that fracture easily?

Osteopetrosis (Albers-Schonberg disease)

True or false? Pancreatic δ-cell tumors inhibit CCK secretion, leading to gallstones and steatorrhea.

True. δ-Cell tumors produce excess somatostatin, which inhibits CCK, gastrin (hypochlorhydria), and insulin secretion (diabetes).

What is the term for the speckled appearance of the iris in patients with Down syndrome?

Brushfield spots

What is the term for the collapse of the vertebral body due to TB?

Pott disease

What organ must metastasize for carcinoid heart disease to occur?

Liver

Which subset of MEN syndrome is associated with the following? Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, pheochromocytoma, and mucocutaneous neuromas

MEN III (or IIb)

Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, pheochromocytoma, and parathyroid adenomas (or hyperplasia)

MEN IIa (or Sipple syndrome)

Parathyroid, pancreatic, and pituitary gland tumors and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

MEN I (or Werner syndrome)

What X-linked recessive disease involves mental retardation, self-mutilation, choreoathetosis, spasticity, a decrease in HGPRT, and an increase in uricemia?

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

What disorder is associated with spider angiomas, palmar erythema, gynecomastia, testicular atrophy, encephalopathy, abnormalities in clotting factors, and portal HTN?

Cirrhosis

What is your diagnosis of a young, thin asymptomatic female with a midsystolic click on cardiac auscultation?

Mitral valve prolapse

What infection is associated with ring-enhancing lesions seen on computed tomography (CT) of the brain in an HIV-positive individual?

Toxoplasmosis (although you should rule out cerebral abscess due to other organisms)

What is the term for a reversible change in one cell type to another?

Metaplasia (usually to a more protective cell type)

What liver tumor is associated with OCP use?

Hepatic adenomas

What CNS developmental abnormality is associated with downward displacement of the cerebellar vermis and medulla compressing the fourth ventricle and leading to obstructive hydrocephalus?

Arnold-Chiari malformation type 2

What disease involves a lack of both T cell-mediated and humoral immune responses that can be either X-linked or AR?

SCID

What condition results in the following CSF results? | Opening pressure 70 to 180 mmH2O; 0-10 WBCs (monocytes); glucose 45 to 85, protein 15 to 45

Normal values

Opening pressure 450 mmH2O; 5 WBCs (90% lymphocytes); normal glucose and protein levels

Brain abscess

Opening pressure 100 mmH2O; 120 WBCs (90% lymphocytes); normal glucose levels; protein 17

Viral meningitis

Opening pressure 250 mmH2O; WBCs 250 (90% lymphocytes); glucose 35; protein 100

TB meningitis

Opening pressure 400 mmH2O; WBCs 8500 (90% PMNs); glucose 15; protein 120

Bacterial meningitis

True or false? Removal of the ileum results in vitamin B12 deficiencies.

True. The ileum is the site where vitamin B12 is absorbed.

What is the term for edema that has LDH below 200, protein level 2.5, and a specific gravity below 1.020?

Transudative; exudative has the opposite values and has an elevated cellular content.

What is the term for thickened, hyperpigmented skin in the axillae, groin, and skin folds associated with malignancies, obesity, and DM?

Acanthosis nigricans

How many grams of protein must be excreted in 24 hours to produce the diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome?

>= 3.5g/day of protein, along with generalized edema, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperlipidemia

What illicit drug can cause amyloidosis and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in the kidney?

Heroin

What catecholamine-hypersecreting tumor, a secondary cause of HTN, results in headache, diaphoresis, anxiety, tachycardia, and palpitations?

Pheochromocytoma

What is the term for flattened nose, low-set ears, and recessed chin seen in patients with bilateral renal agenesis?

Potter facies

What type of healing occurs in a clean surgical incision?

Primary intention

What are the two most common viral infections in HIV?

CMV retinitis and HSV-2

What disorder is defined by inability of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax with swallowing and a bird beak barium swallow result?

Achalasia. (Think Chagas disease if it presents in a person from Central or South America.)

Does Cushing syndrome or Cushing disease have elevated ACTH levels and cortisol suppression with dexamethasone?

Cushing's disease (pituitary) has elevated ACTH and cortisol supression with dexamethasone, whereas Cushing's syndrome (adrenal adenoma) has decreased ACTH and no cortisol suppression with dexamethasone.

What CD4 T-cell receptor does the HIV virus bind to?

gp120

What is the term for RBC fragments?

Schistocytes

What disorder is due to a deficiency in tyrosinase?

Albinism

What two Abs are used to diagnose Hashmoto's thyroiditis?

Antithyroglobulin and antimicrosomal Abs

What urease-producing gram-negative curved rod is associated with PUD and chronic gastritis?

Helicobacter pylori, which is also associated with an increased risk of gastric carcinoma

Name the cancer associated with the following chemical agents. (Some may have more than one answer.) Alkylating agents

Leukemias and lymphomas

Aromatic amines and azo dyes

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Arsenic

Squamous cell carcinoma (skin, lung) and angiosarcoma of the liver

Asbestos

Mesothelioma and bronchogenic carcinoma

Naphthylamine

Bladder cancer

Benzenes

Leukemias

Vinyl chloride

Angiosarcoma of the liver

Chromium and nickel

Bronchogenic carcinoma

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Brochogenic carcinoma

Nitrosamines

Gastric cancer

What are the five conditions associated with normochromic normocytic anemia with a normal MCV and an elevated reticulocyte count?

1. Autoimmune hypersplenism 2. Trauma 3. Anemia 4. Spherocytosis 5. Sickle cell anemia

What pancreatic islet cell tumor is associated with hypoglycemia, sweating, hunger, confusion, and increased C-peptide levels?

Insulinoma

What substance is used to test platelets' response in patients with von Willebrand disease?

Ristocetin

What X-linked recessive disorder that is due to an abnormality in dystrophin gene has onset by age 5 with progressive proximal muscle weakness, calf pseudohypertrophy, and elevated CPK levels?

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (Remember, Becker's is slower in progress, less severe, later in onset, and lacks cardiac involvement.)

What subset of adenocarcinoma arises from the terminal bronchioles and/or alveolar walls?

Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma

What estrogen-producing tumor of the female genital tract is characterized by Call-Exner bodies?

Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary

What AD syndrome involves 1000 or more edematous polyps, most commonly affects the colorectal area, and is associated with chromosome 5q21?

Familial polyposis coli

What is the term for osteophyte formation at the PIP joints in osteoarthritis? In the DIP joints?

Bouchard nodes in the PIP joints; Heberden nodes in the DIP joints.

What prostaglandin is associated with maintaining patency of the ductus arteriosus?

PGE (along with low oxygen tension)

What is the term for dilated veins within the spermatic cord?

Varicocele

What type of hemostasis in an intravascular space consists of fibrin, platelets, RBCs, and WBCs?

Thrombus

What is the most common primary malignant tumor in bone?

Osteosarcoma

What is the most common infectious agent in HIV?

Pneumocystis (carinii) jiroveci

What myeloid disorder is characterized by dry bone marrow aspirations, splenomegaly, leukoerythroblastosis, teardrop RBC, and hyperuricemia due to increased cell turnover?

Myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia

What disease that involves mental retardation, flat face, muscle hypotonia, and a double-bubble sign on radiograph poses an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease and ALL?

Down syndrome (trisomy 21)

What form of anemia is associated with IgG Abs against Rh antigens, positive direct Coombs test, and splenomegaly?

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia

What urinary metabolite is increased in patients with carcinoid syndrome?

5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)

What chronic liver disease has a beaded appearance of the bile ducts on cholangiogram?

Primary sclerosing cholangitis

What three LTs are associated with bronchospasms and an increase in vessel permeability and vasoconstriction?

LC4, LD4, and LE4

What are the three Bs of adult polycystic kidneys?

1. Big 2. Bilateral 3. Berry aneurysm

What AR disease involves a defect in AA 508 on chromosome 7, causing a defect in Cl- transportation that leads to recurrent pulmonary infections and an increase in viscid mucoid secretions along with pancreatic insufficiencies?

Cystic fibrosis. (Parents are usually the first to find out because the baby tastes salty.)

What law states that an enlarged, palpable gallbladder is more likely due to cancer than stone obstruction?

Courvoisier's law

What is the term for air in the pleural space?

Pneumothorax

What disorder of bone remodeling results in thick, weak bones and is associated with high-output cardiac failure?

Paget disease (osteitis deformans)

What is the term to describe the increase in organ size due to the increase in cell size and function?

Hypertrophy

What slow-growing primary CNS tumor that affects mostly females is associated with psammoma bodies?

Meningioma

True or false? Ethyl alcohol induces the cytochrome P-450 enzymes

True

What are the five components of portal HTN?

1. Caput medusae 2. Esophagreal varices 3. Ascites 4. Splenomegaly 5. Hemorrhoids

What syndrome results when there is a deletion to paternal chromosome 15? Maternal?

Prader-Willi syndrome and Angelman syndrome, respectively

What CNS tumor arises from Rathke's pouch?

Craniopharyngioma

What is the triad of Reiter syndrome?

1. Peripheral arthritis 2. Conjunctivitis 3. Nongonococcal urethritis

Which of the following is not a risk factor for cholesterol gallstones: pregnancy, OCP use, female gender, hemolytic anemia, cirrhosis, and obesity? (May be more than one answer.)

Cirrhosis and hemolytic anemia, which are risk factors for pigmented gallstones.

Name the nephritic disease based on the immunoflurescent staining. Mesangial deposits of IgA and C3

IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)

Smooth and linear pattern of IgG and C3 in the GBM

Goodpasture disease

Granular deposits of IgG, IgM, and C3 throughout the glomerulus

Postinfectious GN

What glycoprotein allows platelets to adhere to each other through the use of fibrinogen?

GP IIb/IIIa, which is why GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors are used in the treatment of acute coronary syndromes

What virus is associated with body cavity large B-cell lymphomas?

HHV-8

What germ cell tumor is seen in the 15- to 35-year-old age group, peaks when the person is 35 years of age, and is a bulky mass that spreads via the lymphatic system?

Seminoma

What transmural inflammatory bowel disease can be found from the mouth to anus, has noncaseating granulomas, is discontinuous (skip lesions), and has a cobblestone appearance, thickening of the bowel wall, linear fissures, and aphthous ulcers with normal mucosa between?

Crohn disease

Does ELISA or Western blot confirm whether a patient is HIV-positive?

ELISA screens and Western blot confirms the diagnosis.

What GN is highly associated with hepatitis B and C infections?

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN)

What is the term for squamous to columnar metaplasia of the distal esophagus secondary to chronic inflammation?

Barrett esophagus has an increased risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the esophagus.

What is the term for excessive amounts of granulation tissue that can block re-epithelialization and wound healing?

Proud flesh

What is released from the mitochondria to trigger apoptosis?

Cytochrome c

How much of a vessel must be stenosed to cause sudden cardiac death?

More than 75% of the vessel

Oxidation of Hgb forms what bodies in patients with G6PD deficiency?

Heinz bodies

What syndrome that is due to an adrenal gland adenoma produces excess aldosterone resulting in HTN, hypokalemia, and low rennin levels?

Conn syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism)

What virus is associated with both nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Burkitt lymphoma?

EBV

What normochromic, normocytic AD anemia has splenomegaly and increased osmotic fragility?

Hereditary splerocytosis

What does prepubertal hypersecretion of growth hormone lead to?

Gigantism

What enzyme is deficient in alkaptonuria?

Homogentisic oxidase

What sex cell tumor causes precocious puberty, masculinization, gynecomastia in adults, and crystalloids of Reinke?

Leydig cell tumor

Name four major risk factors for atherosclerosis.

DM, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, and HTN are major risk factors. Being male, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, homocysteine elevation, OCPs, and genetics are minor risk factors atherosclerosis.

Name the AD disease associated with chromosome 15 in which the patient has long extremities, lax joints, pigeon chest, and posterior mitral leaflet prolapse and is prone to developing dissecting aortic aneurysm.

Marfan syndrome

What is the term for a large VSD that leads to pulmonary HTN, RVH, and cyanosis due to right-to-left reversal of the shunt?

Eisenmenger syndrome, which can also occur with any left-to-right shunt

Eating fava beans can produce the Mediterranean type of what deficiency?

G6PD deficiency

What form of hemophilia is X-linked recessive and due to a deficiency in factor VIII?

Hemophilia A

What leukemia affects a 4-year-old child with 3 months of fever, fatigue, generalized lymphadenopathy, CNS involvement, hepatosplenomegaly, bleeding, and platelet count below 100,000?

ALL

What protein deficiency results in respiratory distress syndrome of newborns?

Deficiency in surfactant

What are the three components of amyloid?

1. Fibrillary protein 2. Amyloid protein 3. Glycosaminoglycans

What autoimmune disorder is due to Abs directed to ACh receptors at the NMJ?

Myasthenia gravis

What are the three left-to-right shunts?

1. VSD 2. ASD 3. PDA

What protein causes fibrinolysis?

Plasmin

What pancreatic islet cell tumor is associated with watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, and achlorhydria?

VIPoma

True or false? Obesity, DM, HTN, multiparity, early menarche, and late menapause are all risk factors for endometrial carcinoma.

False. They are all risk factors for endometrial carcinoma except multiparity. Nulliparity, estrogen-producing tumors, and estrogen replacement therapy are also risk factors for endometrial carcinoma.

What is the term for pigmented iris hamartomas seen in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1?

Lisch nodules

What GI pathology is associated with a positive string sign, an increase in the number of bloody stools, RLQ pain, skip lesions, terminal ileum most commonly affected, occurrence in women more than men, and an increased thickness of the bowel?

Crohn disease

What is the most common fungal infection in HIV?

Candida

True or false? GERD is a cause of asthma.

True. Don't forget this in your differential diagnosis of an asthmatic.

Name the product or products of arachidonic acid: | Vasodilation and inhibition of platelet aggregation produced by vascular endothelium

PGI2

Vasodilation

PGE2, PGD2, and PGF2

Pain and fever

PGE2

Vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation produced by platelets

TXA2

Chemotactic for neutrophils

LTB4

Vasodilation, bronchospasm, and increased vascular permeability

LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4

Which hepatitis B Ab indicated low transmissibility?

HBeAb

What pneumoconiosis is associated with exposure to the following occupations or materials? Miners, metal grinders, and sandblasters

Silicosis

Aerospace industry, nuclear reactors

Berylliosis

Shipyards, brake linings, insulation, and old building construction

Asbestosis | Note: Coal worker's pneumoconiosis is synonymous with black lung disease, an upper lob occupational disorder

What is the term for calcification of the gallbladder seen on radiograph due to chronic cholecystitis or adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder?

Porcelain gallbladder

What is the term to describe a decrease in the cell size and function usually associated with disuse?

Atrophy. Disuse can also be due to immobilization, ischemia, aging, and a host of other causes.

Which B-cell neoplasm has the following cell surface markers: CD19, CD20, CD5 (T-cell marker), CD23; and are CD10-negative?

CLL (B-cell origin)

What disease caused by decompression sickness leads to multiple foci of ischemic necrosis that affect the head of the femur, humerus, and tibia?

Caisson disease

What are the four DNA oncogenic viruses?

1. HPV 2. EBV 3. Hepatitis B 4. Kaposi sarcoma

Is the AD or AR form of osteopetrosis malignant?

The AR form is malignant and AD is benign.

What carcinoma produces hematuria, flank pain, and a palpable mass?

This is the triad of renal cell carcinoma

Name at lease three causes of metastatic calcification.

``` Remember the mnemonic PAM SMIDT P, (hyper)Parathyroid/Paget disease A, Addison's disease M, Milk-alkali syndrome/metastatic cancer S, Sarcoidosis M, Multiple myeloma I, Immobilization/idiopathic D, Vitamin D intoxication T, Tumors ```

What is the only subtype of Hodgkin's lymphoma that is most commonly seen in females?

Nodular sclerosis

What is the leading cause of preventable premature death and illness in the United States?

Smoking

What prion-associated CNs pathology produces rapidly progressive dementia with myoclonus, involuntary movements, and death within 6 to 12 months?

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

What breast malignancy has tumor cells with a halo surrounding the nucleus and is an ulceration of the nipple and areola with crusting, fissuring, and oozing?

Paget disease of the breast

What breast pathology involves malignant cells with halos invading the epidermis of the skin?

Paget disease of the breast

Macro-ovalocytes in the peripheral blood smear are from what cell in bone marrow?

Megaloblasts

Name the type of exudate, given the following examples. | Sunburn

Serous exudates

Uremic pericarditis

Fibrinous exudates

Parasitic infection

Eosinophilic exudates

Diphtheria infection

Pseudomembranous exudates

Meningococcal infection

Purulent exudates

Rickettsial infection

Hemorrhagic exudates

What parasite is associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder?

Schistosoma haematobium

What malabsorption syndrome produces abdominal distention, bloating, flatulence, diarrhea, steatorrhea, and weight loss shortly after eating bread products?

Celiac sprue (gluten-sensitive enteropathy)

What herpes virus is associated with Kaposi sarcoma?

HHV 8

What is the term for the copper corneal deposits found in Wilson's disease?

Kayser-Fleischer rings

Name the six vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors.

Factors II, VII, IX, and X and proteins C and S.

What ovarian carcinoma is characterized by psammoma bodies?

Cystadenocarcinoma

A Marfanoid patient presents with Tearing retrosternal chest pain Radiating To her Back. What is your first diagnosis?

Dissecting aortic aneurysm. MI is also high on the list, but the highlighted words are buzzwords to look for dissection.

What malignant neoplasm of the skin is associated with keratin pearls?

Squamous cell carcinoma

Name four chemotactic factors for neutrophils.

N-formyl-methionine, LTB4, C5a, and IL-8

What is the term for granuloma at the lung apex in TB?

Simon focus

What are the three platelet aggregating factors?

1. ADP 2. PG 3. TXA2

What syndrome is due to a Neisseria sp. infection in a child resulting in bilateral hemorrhagic infarcts of the adrenal glands?

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

What foci of fibrinoid necrosis are surrounded by lymphocytes and macrophages throughout all the layers of the heart?

Aschoff bodies of rheumatic fever

What is the leading cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?

Chief cell adenoma (80%)

In what X-linked recessive disease is there a decrease in the HMP shunt, along with Heinz body formation?

G6PD deficiency

What is the term for a RBC that has a peripheral rim of Hgb with a dark central Hgb-containing area?

Target cell

True or false? Raynaud's phenomenon has no underlying pathology.

False. The disease has no associated pathology; the phenomenon is arterial insufficiency due to an underlying disease.

What benign solitary papillary growth within the lactiferous ducts of the breast commonly produces bloody nipple discharge?

Intraductal papilloma

What form of hemophilia is X-linked recessive and is due to a deficiency in factor IX?

Hemophilia B

What are the two reasons for megloblastic anemia with elevated MCV?

Vitamin B12 deficiency and folate deficiency

Is cigarette smoking associated with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder?

Yes. It is also a cause of cancers of the lung, esophagus, ureter, and kidney, just to name a few.

What disease has multiple schwannomas, cafe-au-lait spots on the skin, and Lisch-nodules and is associated with chromosome 17q?

Neurofibromatosis I (chromosome 22 is with neurofibromatosis II and no Lisch nodules)

What syndrome is due to Abs directed to calcium channels and causes muscle weakness that improves with repeated use?

Eaton-Lambert syndrome

In what rare lung malignancy have 90% of patients had an occupational exposure to asbestos?

Malignant mesothelioma

What is the term for cytoplasmic remnants of RNA in RBCs, seen in lead poisoning?

Basophilic stippling

What is the triad of fat embolism?

1. Petechiae 2. Hyperactive mental status 3. Occurrence within 24 to 48 hours of the initial insult (e.g., long bone fracture)

Upon seeing negatively birefringent needle-shaped crystals from a joint aspiration of the great toe, what form of arthritis do you diagnosis?

Gout

What condition is manifested by bilateral sarcoidosis of the parotid glands, submaxillary gland, and submandibular gland with posterior uveal tract involvement?

Mikulicz syndrome

What female genital tract disorder is characterized by obesity, hirsutism, infertility, amenorrhea, elevated LH and testosterone levels, and low FSH levels?

Polycystic ovary disease (Stein-Leventhal syndrome)

What bronchogenic carcinoma is associated with an elevated level of Ca2+, involves keratin pearls, occurs in men more than women, is associated with smoking, occurs in the major bronchi, and is seen in the central areas of the lung?

Squamous cell carcinoma

What disorder is due to a deficiency in the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase?

PKU

True or false? Being a white male increases your risk factor for testicular cancer.

Oddly enough, it is true. Cryptorchidism, Klinefelter syndrome, testicular feminization, and family history of testicular cancer are all risk factors.

Can an acute MI be diagnosed only by looking at an ECG?

No. Remember, tests do not diagnose, they confirm or refute your diagnosis. Also, diagnosis of MI requires two of three criteria: chest pain consistent and characteristic of MI, elevated cardiac enzymes consistent with MI, and ST segment elevation of 2 mm or more in at least two contiguous leads.

What autoimmue syndrome is characterized by keratoconjunctivitis, corneal ulcers, xerostomia, and an increased risk of high-grade B-cell lymphomas? What two Ab tests are used in making the diagnosis?

Sjogren's syndrome; SS-A (Ro) and SS-B (La)

True or false? Sickle cell anemia, Caisson disease, chronic steroid use, and Gaucher disease are causes of avascular necrosis of bone.

True. Fractures and trauma, however, are the most common causes.

What gene stimulates apoptosis when DNA repair is unable to be done?

p-53

Is ulcerative colitis or Crohn disease more commonly associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis?

Ulcerative colitis

What test uses p24 protein when diagnosing HIV?

ELISA test

How many cafe-au-lait spots are necessary for the diagnosis of neurofibromatosis type I?

At least six

What is the term for severe and protracted vomiting resulting in linear laceration at the gastroesophageal junction?

Mallory-Weiss syndrome

What is the term for hypercalcemia resulting in precipitation of calcium phosphate in normal tissue?

Metastatic calcification

What is the term for a twisting of the bowel around its vascular axis resulting in intestinal obstruction?

Volvulus

What form of poisoning is associated with bitter almond-scented breath?

Cyanide

Name the type of hypersensitivity reaction based on the following properties. Circulating Ab-Ag immune complexes deposited in the tissue result in neutrophil attraction and the release of lysosomal enzymes

Type III hypersensitivity (immune complex)

IgE-mediated release of chemical mediators from basophils and mast cells; need prior exposure to Ag in the past; eosinophils amplify and continue reaction; can be system or localized.

Type I hypersensitivity (anaphylactic)

IgG or IgM Abs against a specific target cell or tissue; complement-dependent or ADCC.

Type II hypersensitivity (cytotoxic)

Reaction-mediated by sensitized T-cells

Type IV hypersensitivity (cell-mediated)

What highly undifferentiaed aggressive CNS tumor of primordial neuroglial origin develops in children and is associated with pseudorosettes?

Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (i.e., medulloblastomas and retinoblastomas)

What syndrome is due to anti-GBM Abs directed against the lung and kidneys?

Goodpasture syndrome

What pathway of the coagulation cascade is activated when it is in contact with foreign surfaces?

Intrinsic. The extrinsic pathway is activated by the release of tissue factors.

What tumor is seen in the 2- to 4-year-old age group; does not cross the midline; has immature glomeruli, tubules, and stroma; and metastasizes late to the lungs?

Wilms tumor

What CNS tumor commonly produces tinnitus and hearing loss?

Schwannoma

True or false? Anticentromere Abs are used in diagnosing CREST syndrome.

True. Scl-70 Abs are used in diagnosing diffuse scleroderma.

What AR CNS disorder presents early in childhood with gait ataxia, loss of deep tendon reflexes, impaired vibratory sensation, hand clumsiness, and loss of position sense?

Friedreich ataxia

What potent platelet aggregator and vasoconstrictor is synthesized by platelet?

TXA2

Which type of cerebral herniation is associated with CN III palsy?

Transtentorial (uncal)

What form of vasculitis involves the ascending arch and causes obliterative endarteritis of the vasa vasorum?

Syphilitic

What is the main type of cell involved in cellular immunity?

T lymphocyte

What skin condition has irregular blotchy patches of hyperpigmentation on the face commonly associated with OCP use and pregnancy?

Melasma

What is the classic triad of TB?

Fever, night sweats, and hemoptysis

True or false? Blood clots lack platelets.

True. A thrombus has platelets, but clots do not.

What malignant tumor of the skin is associated with Birbeck granules?

Histiocytosis X

What type of anemia is the result of a deficiency in intrinsic factor?

Pernicious anemia (secondary to a lack of vitamin B12 absorption)

What cancer is particularly likely to affect English chimney sweeps?

Scrotal cancer, due to the high exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

What is the term for a raised fluid-filled cavity greater than 0.5 cm that lies between the layers of the skin?

Bulla

What virus is associated with the endemic form of Burkitt lymphoma?

EBV

With which pituitary adenoma is an elevated somatomedin C level associated?

GH-producing adenoma

What three criteria allow your to differentiate an ulcer from an erosion or carcinoma?

1. Less than 3 cm 2. Clean base 3. Level with the surrounding mucosa

Name the four right-to-left congenital cardiac shunts.

Truncus arteriosus, Tricuspid atresia, Transposition of the great vessels, and Tetralogy of Fallot. (They all begin with T.)

What do low levels of Ca2+ and PO4 along with neuromuscular irritability indicate?

Hypoparathyroidism

Does PT or PTT test the extrinsic coagulation pathway?

PT for extrinsic and PTT for intrinsic (remember, wPeT and hPiTT, which means warfarin, extrinsic, PT; heparin, intrinsic, PTT)

What leukemia is associated with four-leaf-clover lymphocytes on peripheral blood smear?

Adult T-cell leukemia

What ring is a weblike narrowing of the gastroesophageal junction?

Schatzki ring

With what disease do you see IgA deposits in small vessels of the skin and the kidneys?

Henoch-Schonlein purpura

What rapidly progressive and aggressive T-cell lymphoma affects young males with a mediastinal mass (thymic)?

Lymphoblastic lymphoma

What is the term for the appearance of the kidney in malignant hypertension (it has petechiae on its surface)?

Flea-bitten kidney (can also be seen in pyelonephritis)

True or false? Psammoma bodies are seen in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.

False. Elevated calcitonin levels are seen in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Psammoma bodies are seen in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid and ovaries, as well as meningiomas.

What is the lecithin:spingomyelin ratio in respiratory distress syndrome of newborns?

< 2

What syndrome has loss of deep tendon reflexes, muscle weakness, and ascending paralysis preceded by a viral illness?

Guillain-Barre syndrome

What form of endocarditis do patients with SLE commonly encounter?

Libman-Sacks endocarditis

What is the term for black pigmentation of the colon associated with laxative abuse?

Melanosis coli

Are the following major or minor Jones criteria of rheumatic fever? Fever

Minor

Migratory polyarthritis

Major

Subcutaneous nodules

Major

Elevated acute phase reactants (e.g., ESR)

minor

Arthralgias

Minor

Pericarditis

Major

Erythema marginatum

Major

Sydenham chorea

Major

What gene inhibits apoptosis by preventing the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria?

Bcl-2

Which hepatitis strain is a defective virus that can replicate only inside HBV-infected cells?

Hepatitis D

What are the three main components of amyloid?

Fibrillary protein, amyloid protein, and glycosaminoglycans (heparin sulfate mainly)

What leukemia is characterized by Philadelphia chromosomal translocation (9;22); massive splenomegaly; peripheral leukocytosis (commonly > 100,000); decreased LAP levels; and nonspecific symptoms of fatigue, malaise, weight loss, and anorexia?

CML

What is the difference between a Ghon focus and a Ghon complex?

A Ghon focus is a TB tubercle, whereas a Ghon complex is a focus with hilar lymph node involvement.

In what disease do you see horseshoe kidneys, rockerbottom feet, low-set ears, micrognathia, and mental retardation?

Edward syndrome (trisomy 18)

What parasitic infection is associated with cholangiocarcinoma?

Clonorchis sinensis

What disorder is associated with loss of polarity, anaplasia, plenomorphism, discohesiveness, increase in the nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio, hyperchronmasia, and increase in the rate of mitosis?

Malignancy

What is the term for telescoping of the proximal bowel into distal segment presenting as abdominal pain, currant jelly stools, and intestinal obstruction?

Intussusception

What mushroom poisoning is associated with fulminant hepatitis with extensive liver necrosis?

Amanita phalloides

What type of erythema do you see in | Ulcerative colitis?

Erythema nodosum

Rheumatic fever?

Erythema marginatum

Stevens-Johnson syndrome?

Erythema multiforme

What benign bone tumor is associated with Gardner syndrome?

Osteoma

What renal calculus is associated with urea-splitting bacteria?

Magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite)

What lymphoma is associated with bleeding and cryoglobulin precipitation at low temperatures, headache and confusion due to hyperviscosity, IgM M-protein spike on serum electrophoresis, and Russell bodies?

Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia

What type of acute metal poisoning involves stomach and colon erosion and acute tubular necrosis?

Mercury

What slow-growing CNS tumor in 30- to 50-year-old patients with a long history of seizures has fried egg cellular appearance in a network of chicken wire?

Oligodendroglioma

Goodpasture Ag is a component of what type of collagen?

Type IV collagen

If a peripheral blood smear shows shistocytes, reticulocytes, and thrombocytopenia, is it more commonly seen in patients with ITP or TTP?

TTP; thrombocytopenia with megathrombocytes is more characteristic of ITP.

After traveling in a plane across the Atlantic Ocean, an obese male goes to the ER with swollen right leg and sudden onset of shortness of breath. What do you immediately diagnose?

Pulmonary embolism due to a DVT; this is not absolute but a classic description.

What cell type involves humoral immunity?

B lymphocyte

What is the first sign of megaloblastic anemia on a peripheral blood smear?

Hypersegmented neutrophils

What is the term for gastric ulcers associated with severely burned or traumatic patients?

Curling ulcers (think curling iron = burn)

What syndrome arises from mutation in the fibrillin gene (FBN1) on chromosome 15q21?

Marfan syndrome

What AD disorder is characterized by degeneration of GABA neurons in the caudate nucleus resulting in atrophy, chorea, dementia, and personality changes?

Huntington disease

What atypical pneumonia can be diagnosed with elevated cold agglutinin titers?

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

What is the triad of Felty syndrome?

Neutropenia, splenomegaly, and rheumatoid arthritis

What is the term for the unidirectional attraction of cells toward a chemical mediator released during inflammation?

Chemotaxis

What is the term for a benign melanocytic tumor associated with sun exposure that presents as tan-to-brown colored and has sharply defined well-circumscribed borders?

Benign nevus (mole)

What small- to medium-sized vasculitis is seen in a 35-year-old man who is heavy smoker presenting with claudication symptoms in the upper and lower extremities?

Buerger disease (thromboangiitis obliterans)

What is the term for pelvic inflammatory disease of the fallopian tubes?

Salpingitis

What disease with familial mental retardation produces large, everted ears and macro-orchidism?

Fragile X syndrome

What type of skin carcinoma occuring on sun-exposed sites has a low level of metastasis?

Squamous cell carcinoma

What is the tetrad of tetralogy of Fallot?

VSD, RVH, overriding aorta, and pulmonary stenosis

What is the term for chronic necrotizing pulmonary infections resulting in permanent airway dilation and associated with Kartagener syndrome?

Bronchiectasis

What is an elevated, fluid-filled cavity between skin layers up to 0.5 cm?

Vesicle (e.g., poison ivy)

What is the term for panhypopituitarism secondary to ischemic necrosis and hypotension pospartum?

Sheehan syndrome

What disease is diagnosed by findings of ANAs and anti-SCL-70 antibodies?

Scleroderma

What is the name of the ovarian cyst containing ectodermal, endodermal, and mesodermal elements (i.e., skin, hair, teeth and neural tissue)?

Teratoma (dermoid cyst)

What syndrome is seen in iron-deficient middle-aged women with esophageal webs?

Plummer-Vinson syndrome

What are the three-causes of transudate?

CHF, cirrhosis, and nephrosis

A chronic alcohol abuser goes to the ER with weakness, a sore, beefy red tongue, loss of vibration and position sense, arm and leg dystaxia, elevated levels of methylmalonic acid in the urine, and anemia with an MCV above 105 fL. What is your diagnosis, and how will you monitor his response to treatment?

Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord is treated with IM vitamin B12 injections. If treatment is working, you will see an increased reticulocyte count on the peripheral smear in about 5 days.

What form of GN is characteristically associated with crescent formation?

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN)

What vitamin deficiency may result in sideroblastic anemia?

Vitamin B6

What is the term for TB with the cervical lymph node involved?

Scrofula

Influx of what ion is associated with irreversible cell injury?

Massive influx of calcium

What pathology is associated with elevated levels of Ca2+, cardiac arrhythmias, bone resorption, kidney stones, and metastatic calcifications?

Primary hyperparathyroidism

What type of metal poisoning causes mental retardation, somnolence, convulsions, and encephalopathy?

Lead

What syndrome is rheumatoid arthritis with pneumoconiosis?

Caplan syndrome

True or false? All of the following are risk factors for cervical cancer: multiple pregnancies, early age of intercourse, multiple sexual partners, OCP use, smoking, HIV, and STDs.

True. Don't forget this list; you will be asked.

What is the term for precipitation of calcium phosphate in dying or necrotic tissue?

Dystrophic calcification

What congenital small bowel outpouching is a remnant of the vitelline duct?

Meckel diverticulum

What type of crystals are associated with gout?

Monosodium urate crystals

What is the term for transverse bands on the fingernails seen in patients with chronic arsenic poisoning?

Mees lines

What is the tumor at the bifurcation of the right and left hepatic ducts?

Klaskin tumor

IgE-mediated mast cell release, C3a and C5a, and IL-1 all trigger the release of what vasoactive amine?

Histamine

What disease is seen in the 20- to 40-year-old age group, is more prevalent in women than men, involves diarrhea with or without bloody stools, starts in the rectum and ascends without skipping areas, includes pseudopolyps, and has a thickness of the bowel that does not change?

Ulcerative colitis

What disorder causes joint stiffness that worsens with repetitive motion, crepitus, effusions, and swelling and commonly affects the knees, hips, and spine?

Osteoarthritis

What condition is characterized by a 46XY karyotype, testes present, and ambiguous or female external genitalia?

Male pseudohermaphrodite (dude looks like a lady!)

What is the term for RBC remnants of nuclear chormatin in asplenic patients?

Howell-Jolly bodies

What is the term for gastric ulcers associated with increased intracranial pressure?

Cushing's ulcers

What platelet disorder is characteristically seen in children following a bout of gastroenteritis with bloody diarrhea?

Hemolytic uremic syndrome

Are elevated alkaline phosphatase and decreased phosphorus and calcium levels more consistent with osteoporosis or osteomalacia?

Osteomalacia. Osteoporosis has normal levels of calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase.

What vascular tumor associated with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome involves the cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord, and retina?

Hemangioblastoma

How many segments in a neutrophilic nucleus are necessary for it to be called hypersegmented?

At least 5 lobes

Name the type of regeneration (i.e., labile, stable, or permanent) based on the following exmples. Epidermis

Labile

Skeletal muscle

Permanent

Pancreas

Stable

CNS neurons

Permanent

Fibroblasts

Stable

Hematopoietic cells

Labile

Liver

Stable

Smooth muscle

Stable

Cardiac muscle

Permanent

Mucosal epithelium

Labile

Kidney

Stable

Osteoblasts

Stable (Labile cells proliferate throughout life; stable cells have a low level of proliferation; and permanent cells as the name states, do not proliferate.)

What CNS tumor cells stain positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)?

Astrocytoma

True or false? Elevated ASO titers and serum complement levels are associated with poststreptococcal GN.

False. ASO titers are elevated, but serum complement levels are decreased.

What glycoprotein allows platelets to adhere to von Willebrand factor?

GP Ib

What encephalitis is associated with the JC virus?

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

Hereditary angioneurotic edema (AD) produces local edema in organs (e.g., GI, skin, respiratory tract). What enzyme deficiency causes increased capillary permeability due to a release of vasoactive peptides?

C1 esterase inhibitor (C1INH)

Is an anti-HAV IgG Ab associated with immunization or recent infection?

Anti-HAV IgG Abs are associated with immunization or a prior infection. Anti-HAV IgM is associated with acute or recent infection.

Which integrin mediates adhesion by binding to lymphocyte function-associated Ag 1 (LFA-1) and MAC-1 leukocyte receptors?

Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) 1

Name the cerebral vessel associated with the following vascular pathologies. Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Berry aneurysm in the circle of Willis

Subdural hemorrhage

Bridging veins draining into the sagittal sinus

Epidural hemorrhage

Middle meningeal artery

True or false? Live vaccines are constraindicated in patients with SCID.

True

What is the term for the round intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions containing α-synuclein found in the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra?

Lewy bodies

In which form of emphysema, panacinar or centriacinar, is the effect worse in the apical segments of the upper lobes?

Centriacinar worse in upper lobes; panacinar worse in base of lower lobes

What syndrome results if the enzyme α-1-iduronidase is deficient? L-iduronate sulfatase deficiency?

Hurler syndrome and Hunter syndrome, respectively

What percentage of the bone marrow must be composed of blast for leukemia to be considered?

At least 30% blast in the bone marrow

What is the term for the heart's inability to maintain perfusion and meet the metabolic demands of tissues and organs?

CHF

What syndrome occurs when pelvic inflammatory disease ascends to surround the liver capsule in violin string adhesions?

Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome

True or false? Patients with Turner syndrome have no Barr bodies.

True. Remember, the second X chromosome is inactivated, an so is the Barr body. Turner syndrome has only one X chromosome.

What is the term for the sign revealed when a psoriatic scale is removed and pinpoint bleeding occurs?

Auspitz sign

What type of Hgb is increased in patients with sickle cell anemia who take hydroxyurea?

Hgb F

What vasculitis affects a 30-year-old Asian female having visual field deficits, dizziness, decreased blood pressure, and weakened pulses in the upper extremities?

Takayasu arteritis (medium-size to large vessels)

A 20-year-old college student has fever, grey-white membranes over the tonsils, posterior auricular lymphadenitis, and hepatosplenomegaly. What is your diagnosis? What test do you order to confirm your diagnosis?

EBV infections resulting in infectious mononucleosis can be diagnosed by the Monospot test. (Remember, it may be negative in the first week of the illness, so retest if you have a high index of suspicion.)

What cell type is commonly elevated in asthma?

Eosinophil

What pathology is associated with deposition of calcium pyrophosphate in patients older than 50 years?

Pseudogout

What thyroid carcinoma secretes calcitonin and arises from the parafollicular C cells?

Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid

What illegal drug can cause rhabdomyolysis, MI, cerebral infarct, and lethal cardiac arrhythmias?

Cocaine

What AA is substitued for glutamic acid at position 6 on the β-chain in patients with sickle cell anemia?

Valine

What endogenous pigment found in the substantia nigra and melanocytes is formed by the oxidation of tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine?

Melanin

What tumor marker is associated with seminomas?

Placental alkaline phosphatase

What type of GN, associated with celiac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis, has mesangial deposits of IgA, C3, properdin, IgG, and IgM?

Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)

What AD disease is associated with chromosome 4p; does not present until the person is in his or her 30s; and involves atrophy of the caudate nucleus, dilatation of the lateral and third ventricles, and signs of extrapyramidal lesions?

Huntington disease

What pattern of inheritance is G6PD deficiency

X-linked recessive

What adenocarcinoma presents with elevated levels of acid phosphatase, dihydrotestosterone, PSA, and bone pain?

Prostatic carcinoma

Is Dubin-Johnson or Rotor syndrome associated with black pigmentation of the liver?

Both are AR with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, but Dubin-Johnson syndrome is differentieated from Rotor by the black pigmentation of the liver.

What oxygen-dependent killing enzyme requires hydrogen peroxide and halide (Cl-) to produce hypochlorous acid?

Myeloperoxidase

What condition results in a strawberry gallbladder?

Cholesterolosis

What three chemical agents are associated with angiosarcomas of the liver?

Arsenic, thorotrast, and vinyl chloride

What is the term for programmed cell death?

Apoptosis (Remember, there is a lack of inflammatory response.)

What potentially fatal disease occurs in children who are given ASA during a viral illness?

Reye syndrome

What metal poisoning produces microcytic anemia with basophilic stippling?

Lead poisoning

What inflammatory bowel disorder is continuous, with extensive ulcerations and pseudopolyps, and is associated with HLA-B27?

Ulcerative colitis

What is the pentad of TTP?

Neurologic symptoms, Renal failure, Thrombocytopenia, Fever, Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (Don't forget it. When I was an intern, my senior resident asked me this quesiton more times than I would like to remember.)

Which hepatitis B Ag correlates with infectivity and viral proliferation?

HBeAg

What disease involves cold skin abscesses due to a defect in neutrophil chemotaxis and a serum IgE level higher than 2000?

Job syndrome

What female pathology is associated with endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterus commonly affecting the ovaries as chocolate cysts?

Endometriosis

What is the karyotype in Turner syndrome?

45XO

What is the term for a congenital absence of the ganglionic cells of the Auerbach and Meissner plexus in the rectum and sigmoid colon?

Hirschsprung disease (aganglionic megacolon)

What syndrome is associated with gastrin-producing islet cell tumor resulting in multiple intractable peptic ulcers?

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

What type of collagen is associated with keloid formation?

Type III

The "tea-and-toast" diet is classically associated with what cause of megaloblastic anemia?

Folate deficiency (very common in the elderly)

What is the term for ascending bacterial infection of the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitium causing costoverterbral angle tenderness, fever, chills, dysuria, frequency, and urgency?

Pyelonephritis

How can a deficiency in adenosine deaminase be a bone marrow suppressor?

It causes a buildup of dATP, which inhibits ribonucleotide reductase and leads to a decrease in deoxynucleoside triphosphate, a precursor of DNA, resulting in overall bone marrow suppresion.

Which phenotype of osteogenesis imperfecta is incompatible with life?

Type II

With what is cherry red intoxication associated?

Acute CO poisoning

What are the four most common causes of femoral head necrosis?

1. Steroids 2. Alcohol 3. Scuba diving 4. Sickle cell anemia

What are the four signs of acute inflammation?

Rubor (red), dolor (pain), calor (heat), tumor (swelling); also sometimes there is loss of function

Name the hypochromic microcytic anemia based on the following laboratory values. Increased iron, decreased TIBC, increased percent saturation, increased ferritin

Sideroblastic anemia

Decreased iron, TIBC, and percent saturation; increased ferritin

Anemia of chronic disease

Decreased iron, percent saturation, and ferritin; increased TIBC

Iron deficiency anemia

Normal iron, TIBC, percent saturation, and ferritin

Thalassemia minor

Which form of emphysema is associated with an α1-antitrypsin deficiency?

Panacinar

An 80-year-old woman presents to you with right-sided temporal headache, facial pain and blurred vision on the affected side, and an elevated ESR. Your diagnosis?

Temporal arteritis (giant cell arteritis)

What type of neurofibromatosis is associated with bilateral acoustic shwannomas?

Type 2

What disorder is due to a deficiency in the enzyme glucocerebrosidase?

Gaucher disease

What is the term for flexion of the PIP and extension of the DIP joints seen in rheumatoid arthritis?

Boutonniere deformities

True or false? Atelectasis is an irreversible collapse of a lung.

False. Atelectasis is a reversible collapse of a lung.

What viral infection in patients with sickle cell anemia results in aplastic crisis?

Parvovirus B19

What syndrome has elevated FSH and LH levels with decreased testosterone levels and 47XXY karyotype?

Klinefelter syndrome

What CNS developmental abnormality is associated with 90% of syringomyelia?

Arnold-Chiari malformation type 2

What is the term for fibrinoid necrosis of the arterioles in the kidney secondary to malignant hypertension?

Onion skinning

A 30-year-old woman goes to your office with bilateral multiple breast nodules that vary with menstruation and have cyclical pain and engorgement. What is your diagnosis?

Fibrocystic change of the breast. This highlights the distinguishing features from breast cancer, which is commonly unilateral, single nodule, no variation with menstruation, and no changes during pregnancy.

What disease is X-linked recessive, is associated with eczema thrombocytopenia and an increased chance of developing recurrent infections, involves a decrease in serum IgM and in the T cell-dependent paracortical areas of the lymph nodes, and means that patient is likely to develop malignant lymphoma?

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome

Which form of melanoma carries the worst prognosis?

Nodular melanoma

Patients with sickle cell anemia are at increased risk for infection from what type of organisms?

Encapsulated bacteria

How many major and/or minor Jones criteria are required for the diagnosis of rheumatic fever?

Two major or one major and two minor

What skin carcinoma is a superficial dermal infiltrate of T lymphocytes seen in males more than 40 years old and presents as scaly red patches or plaques?

Mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma)

What Hgb-derived endogenous pigment is found in areas of hemorrhage or bruises?

Hemosiderin

What is a palable, elevated solid mass up to 0.5 cm?

Papule

True or false? Monocytosis is seen in TB.

True

What pathology is associated with podagra, tophi in the ear, and PMNs with monosodium urate crystals?

Gout

What GI pathology can be caused by a patient taking clindamycin or lincomycin or by Clostridium difficle, ischemia, Staphylococcus, Shigella, or Candida infection?

Pseudomembranous colitis

What do the risk factors late menopause, early menarche, obesity, nulliparity, excessive estrogen, genetic factor p53, and brc-abl characterize?

Breast cancer

What thyroid carcinoma is associated with radiation exposure, psammoma bodies, and Orphan Annie eye nuclei?

Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid

Name three opsonins.

Fc portion of IgG, C3b, and mannose-binding proteins

What chemical can be dangerous if you work in the aerospace industry or in nuclear plants?

Beryllium

Which hepatitis B serology markers - HBcAb IgG, HBcAb IgM, HBeAg, HBsAb IgG, HBsAg, HBV-DNA - are associated with the following periods? Window period

HBcAb IgM

Immunization

HBsAb IgG

Prior infection

HBcAb IgG and HBsAb IgG

Acute infection

HBcAb IgM, HBV-DNA, HBeAg, HBsAg

Chronic infection

HBcAb IgG, HBV-DNA, HBeAg, HBsAg

Name the type of necrosis. | The most common form of necrosis; denatured and coagulated proteins in the cytoplasm

Coagulative necrosis

Seen as dead tissue with coagulative necrosis

Gangrenous necrosis

Seen as dead tissue with liquefactive necrosis?

Liquefaction necrosis

Due to lipase activity and has a chalky white appearance

Fat necrosis

Soft, friable, cottage-cheese appearing; characteristically seen in TB

Caseous necrosis

Histologically resembles fibrin

Fibrinoid necrosis

Name two of three enzymes that protect the cell from oxygen-derived free radicals.

Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase

What are the rules of 2 for Meckel diverticulum?

2% of population, 2 cm long, 2 feet from ileocecal valve, 2 years old, and 2% of carcinoid tumors

What aneurysm of the circle of Willis is associated with polycystic kidney disease?

Berry aneurysm

A 20-year-old black woman goes to you with nonspecific joint pain, fever, and a malar rash over the bridge of her nose and on her checks. This is a classic example of what autoimmune disease? What are three autoantibody tests you could order to make the diagnosis?

SLE; ANA, anti-dsDNA and anti-Sm (anti-Smith)

True or false? Excess lead deposits in the oral cavity.

True. It deposits at the gingivodental line, known as the lead line.

What is the term for increased iron deposition resulting in micronodular cirrhosis, CHF, diabetes, and bronzing of the skin?

Hemochromatosis

What AR disorder is due to a deficiency in glycoprotein IIb-IIIa, resulting in a defect in platelet aggregation?

Glanzmann syndrome

What protein-losing enteropathy has grossly enlarged rugal fold in the body and fundus of the stomach in middle-aged males, resulting in decreased acid production and an increased risk of gastric cancer?

Menetrier's disease

What myopathy due to autoantibodies to ACh receptors can present with thymic abnormalities, red cell aplasia, and muscle weakness?

Myasthenia gravis

Which subtype of AML is most commonly associated wtih Auer rods?

M3 (promyelocytic leukemia)

What condition results from a 46XX karyotype and female internal organs with virilized external genitalia?

Female pseudohermaphrodite

Two weeks after her son has a throat infection, a mother takes the boy to the ER because he has fever, malaise, HTN, dark urine, and periorbital edema. What is your diagnosis?

Poststreptococcal GN

What X-linked recessive immune disorder is characterized by recurrent infections, severe thrombocytopenia, and eczema?

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome

What form of arthritis is associated with calcium pyrophosphate crystals?

Pseudogout

What is the term for excessive production of collagen that flattens out and does not extend beyond the site of the injury?

Hypertrophic scar

What is the term for inflamed, thickened skin on the breast with dimpling associated with cancer?

Peau d'orange

What rare vasculitis has the following characteristics: males aged 40 to 60; affecting small arteries and veins; involving nose, sinuses, lungs, and kidneys; C-ANCA and autoantibodies against proteinase 3?

Wegener granulomatosis

What retrovirus is associated with adult T-cell leukemia?

HTLV-1

What disease is seen in children younger than 5 years of age and is characterized by X-linked recessive cardiac myopathies, calf pseudohypertrophy, lordosis, protuberant belly, an increase then a decrease in CPK, and death commonly in the second decade of life?

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

What malignant neoplasm of the bone has a soap bubble appearance on radiograph?

Giant cell bone tumor (osteoclastoma)

What nephritic syndrome has effacement of the epithelial foot processes without immune complex deposition?

Minimal change disease

What is the term for tissue-based basophils?

Mast cells

What malignant bone tumor is characterized by Codman triangle (periosteal elevation) on radiograph?

Osteosarcoma

Is splenomegaly more commonly associated with intravascular or extravascular hemolysis?

Extravascular hemolysis if it occurs in the spleen; if in the liver, it results in hepatomegaly.

What cancer of the male genitourinary system is associated with osteoblastic bony metastasis?

Prostatic carcinoma

What stromal tumor in males is characterized histologically with crystalloids of Reinke?

Leydig cell tumor

What pulmonary disease, most commonly associated with smoking, results in enlarged, overinflated lungs owing to the destruction of the alveolar walls with diminished elastic recoil?

Emphysema

What factor gets activated in the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade? Extrinsic pathway?

Factor XII for the intrinsic; factor VII for the extrinsic pathway

What chronic systemic inflammatory disease commonly seen in women ages 20 to 50 is a progressive, symmetric arthritis affecting the hands, wrists, knees, and ankles that improves with increased activity?

Rheumatoid arthritis

Name the following descriptions associated with bacterial endocarditis: Retinal emboli

Roth spots

Painful subcutaneous nodules on fingers and toes

Osler nodes

Painless hyperemic lesions on the palms and soles

Janeway lesions

What two CD cell surface markers do Reed-Sternberg cells stain positive for?

CD15 and CD30

What two lysosomal storage diseases have cherry-red spots on the retina?

Niemann-Pick and Tay-Sachs diseases

True or false? Increased LAP is associated with CML.

False. Increased LAP is seen in stress reactions and helps differentiate benign conditions from CML, which has low LAP levels.

What syndrome has multiple adenomatous colonic polyps and CNS gliomas?

Turcot syndrome

What is the term for a venous embolus in the arterial system?

Paradoxic emboli most commonly enter the arteries through a patent septal defect in the heart.

Are hemorrhagic cerebral infarcts more commonly associated with embolic or thrombotic occlusions?

Embolic

What is the name for the following RBC indices? | The coefficient of variation of the RBC volume

RDW

Average mass of the Hgb molecule/RBC

MCH

Average volume of a RBC

MCV

Average Hgb concentration/given volume of packed RBCs

MCHC

What cardiomyopathy is due to a ventricular outflow obstruction as a result of septal hypertrophy and leads to sudden cardiac death in young athletes?

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, or IHSS)

Which HPV serotypes are associated with condyloma acuminatum?

HPV serotypes 6 and 11

Which form of melanoma carries the best prognosis?

Lentigo maligna melanoma

What is the term for an increase in the number of cells in a tissue?

Hyperplasia

A 60-year-old man has back pain (compression spinal fracture), hypercalcemia, increased serum protein, Bence-Jones proteinuria, and monoclonal M-spike on serum electrophoresis. What is your diagnosis?

Multiple myeloma

What is the term for pus in the pleural space?

Empyema

What is a flat, circumscribed nonpalpable pirgmented change up to 1 cm?

Macule (e.g., a freckle)

Name the macrophage based on its location: | Liver macrophages

Kupffer cells

Bone macrophages

Osteoclasts

Brain macrophages

Microglia

Lung macrophages

Pulmonary alveolar macrophages

Connective tissue macrophages

Histiocytes

Epidermal macrophages

Langerhans cells

What is the term for a large, immature RBC that is spherical, blue, and without a nucleus?

Reticulocyte

What testicular tumor of infancy is characterized by elevated α-fetoprotein levels and Schiller-Duval bodies?

Yolk sac tumor

Starry sky appearance of macrophages is pathognomonic of what lymphoma?

Burkitt lymphoma

In which region of the lung are 75% of the pulmonary infarcts seen?

Lower lobe

For what disease are SS-A(Ro), SS-B(La), and R-ANA diagnostic markers?

Sjogren disease

What HPV serotypes are associated with increased risk of cervical cancer?

HPV serotypes 16, 18, 31, and 33

Do the following structures pick up stain from hematoxylin or eosin? Nuclei

Hematoxylin

Nucleoli

Hematoxylin

Cytoplasm

Eosin

Collagen

Eosin

RBCs

Eosin

Calcium

Hematoxylin

Bacteria

Hematoxylin

Fibrin

Eosin

Thyroid colloid

Eosin

What commonly encountered overdose produces headache, tinnitus, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, confusion, vomiting, and tachypnea?

ASA (salicylate)

What AR syndrome is due to a deficiency of glycoprotein Ib, resulting in a defect in platelet adhesion?

Bernard-Soulier syndrome

What AD renal disorder is associated with mutations of the PKD 1 gene on chromosome 16 and berry aneurysms in the circle of Willis and presents in the fifth decade with abdominal masses, flank pain, hematuria, HTN, and renal insufficiency?

Adult polycystic kidney disease

Based on the following information, is the renal transplantation rejection acute, chronic, or hyperacute? Months to years after transplantation; gradual onset of HTN, oliguria, and azotemia; seen as intimal fibrosis of the blood vessels and interstitial lymphocytes

Chronic rejection

Immediately after transplantation; seen as a neutrophilic vasculitis with thrombosis

Hyperacute rejection

Weeks to months after transplantation; abrupt onset of oliguria and azotemia; seen as neutrophilic vasculitis and interstitial lymphocytes

Acute rejection

What type of collagen is abnormal in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta?

Type I (makes sense, since they have a predisposition for fractures and type I collagen is associated with bones and tendons)

What coronary artery vasculitis is seen in Japanese infants and children less than 4 years old with acute febrile illness, conjunctivitis, maculopapular rash, and lymphadenopathy?

Kawasaki disease

What disease has autoantibodies to IgG, occurs in women more than men, and includes exophthalmos, pretibial myxedema, nervousness, heart palpitations, and fatigue?

Graves disease

What condition is defined by both testicular and ovarian tissues in one individual?

True hermaphrodism

A mother takes her 2-week-old infant to the ER because the baby regurgitates and vomits after eating and has peristaltic waves visible on the abdomen and a palpable mass in the right upper quadrant. What is your diagnosis?

Pyloric stenosis

What variant of polyarteritis nodosa is associated with bronchial asthma, granulomas, and eosinophilia?

Churg-Strauss syndrome

What component of the basement membrane binds to collagen type IV and heparin sulfate and is a cell surface receptor?

Laminin

What B-cell neoplasm is seen in males with massive splenomegaly, produces dry tap on bone marrow aspirations, and stains positive for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)?

Hairy cell leukemia

What form of nephritic syndrome is associated with celiac sprue and Henoch-Schonlein purpura?

IgA nephropathy

What syndrome is characterized by embryologic failure of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches resulting in hypocalcemia, tetany, and T-cell deficiency?

DiGeorge syndrome

What is the treatment for physiologic jaundice of newborns?

Phototherapy

How many months in how many years must a person cough with copious sputum production for the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis to be made?

3 months of symptoms in 2 consecutive years

What chronic inflammatory WBC is associated with IgE-mediated allergic reactions and parasitic infections?

Eosinophils

What AD syndrome produces hamartomatous polyps in the small intestine and pigmentation of the lips and oral mucosa?

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome

What is the term for formation of a stable fibrin-platelet plug to stop bleeding?

Hemostasis

True of false? All of the following are risk factors for breast cancer: early menses, late menopause, history of breast cancer, obesity, and multiparity.

False. All except multiparity are risk factors for breast cancer. Nulliparity, increasing age, and family history in first-degree relative are also risk factors. Memorize this list!

Is jugular venous distention a presentation of isolated left or right heart failure?

Right-sided

Name the hepatitis virus based on the following information. | Small circular RNA virus with defective envelope

Hepatitis D

Enveloped RNA flavivirus

Hepatitis C

Naked capsid RNA calicivirus

Hepatitis E

Enveloped DNA hepadnavirus

Hepatitis B

Naked capsid RNA picornavirus

Hepatitis A

What AR disease involves a decreased amount of sphignomyelinase, massive organomegaly, zebra bodies, and foamy histiocytes and is associated with chromosome 11p?

Niemann-Pick disease

What is the term for hypoperfusion of an area involving only the inner layers?

Mural infarct

What are the three causes of normochromic normocytic anemia with a normal MCV and a low reticulocyte count?

Marrow failure, cancer, and leukemia

Notching of the ribs, seen on chest radiograh in patients with postductal coarctation of the aorta, is due to collateralization of what arteries?

Dilation of the internal mammary arteries results in erosions on the inner surface of the ribs and is seen as notching.

What is the physiologic storage form of iron?

Ferritin

What is the term for occlusion of a blood vessel due to an intravascular mass that has been carried downstream?

Embolism

What AR disorder of copper metabolism can be characterized by Kayser-Fleischer rings, decreased ceruloplasmin levels, and increased urinary copper excretion and tissue copper levels?

Wilson disease. (Remember, patients commonly present with psychiatric manifestations and movement disorders but may be asymptomatic.)

Name the cancer associated with the following oncogenes. (Some may have more than one answer) c-myc

Burkitt lymphoma

L-myc

Small cell cancer of the lung

hst-1 and int-2

Melanoma, cancer of the stomach and bladder

ret

MEN II and III syndromes

Ki-ras

Pancreas and colon

cyclin D

Mantle cell lymphoma

N-myc

Neuroblastoma

CDK4

Melanoma

abl

CML and ALL

hst-1, int-2, erb-2, and erb-3

Breast cancer

sis

Astrocytoma

Ki-ras and erb-2

Lung caner

erb-1

Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung

What AD GI neoplasia produces multiple adenomatous polyps, osteomas, fibromas, and epidural inclusion cysts?

Gardner syndrome

What disease involves microcephaly, mental retardation, cleft lip or palate, and dextrocardia?

Patau syndrome (trisomy 13)

What type of GN occurs most commonly in children after a pharyngeal or skin infection; is immune complex-mediated; and is seen as lumpy-bumpy subepithelial deposits?

Postinfectious GN

What are the three most common sites for left-sided heart embolisms to metastasize?

Brain, spleen, and kidney

With what two pathologies is a honeycomb lung associated?

Asbestosis and silicosis

What AD disorder due to a mutation in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 results in normal-size vertebral column and skull and short, thick extremities?

Achondroplasia

Step 1 Buzzwords Pathology Flashcards

USMLE Step 1 Recall: Buzzwords for the Boards Second edition (629 cards)