Viruses

Question 1

Both RNA and DNA genomes can be

Answer 1

Double or single stranded.

Question 2

Reverse transcriptase

Answer 2

In class 6 viruses, the viral RNA is turned into DNA in the nucleus by reverse transcriptase, creating more viral genome

Question 3

Vaccine trick

Answer 3

Trick the body into an immune response producing an immune memory.

Question 4

How to viruses do damage (3)

Answer 4

1.Releasing hydrolysis enzymes from lysosomes (degradation)
2.can cause cell to produce toxins
3.envelope/membrane can be toxic

Question 5

Subunit vaccine

Answer 5

Takes biomolecules of infection and injects them. Produced an immune response and memory.

Question 6

Attenuated vaccine

Answer 6

Pathogen/virus is injected in a weakened to dead state. (Can infect unhealthy people)

Question 7

Antiviral drug

Answer 7

Specific to individual viruses
Inhibits part of the viruses life cycle

Question 8

Virus life cycle

Answer 8

1.entry and uncoating- Binds to PM and enters the cell. Capsid falls apart exposing genome.
2.Replication- viral DNA makes more genome
3.Transcribe+manufacture- viral DNA used to make more mRNA to make capsid proteins
4.Self Assembly-New viral particle leaves cell

Question 9

Viruses can infect —- as well, and they travel via

Answer 9

Plants, they travel via plasmodesmata

Question 10

Genetic engineering

Answer 10

Direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

Question 11

Recombinant DNA

Answer 11

Linked segments of DNA from 2 different species in vitro (outside the cell)

Question 12

Plasmid

Answer 12

Small circular DNA that is extra to the genome

Question 13

Gene cloning 3 steps of making plasmid

Answer 13

1.Take sequence of DNA/gene of interest and insert into plasmid from bacteria=recombinant plasmid
2. Put plasmid back into bacteria, creating recombinant bacterium
3. More plasmid will be replicated . Basic research/applications can be done on gene copies or protein coded for.

Question 14

Creating recombinant DNA (How is the gene inserted into bacterial plasmid?)

Answer 14

1. Restriction enzyme cuts each DNA strand in a specific way forming sticky ends. (Mostly palindromic)
2. Use the same Restriction enzyme to cut gene of interest.
3. Produces sticky ends.
4. DNA ligase reconnects strands to form recombinant DNA

Question 15

Palindromic

Answer 15

Can be read the same forwards and backwards.
Most restriction sites are palindromic.
Ex. Will cut between GA and AG.

Question 16

Sticky ends

Answer 16

The overhanging strands that are created by the restriction enzyme that want to attatch to something.

Question 17

Restriction site

Answer 17

The DNA sequence that is recognized by the restriction enzyme

Question 18

Restriction fragment

Answer 18

Small DNA pieces created by restriction enzymes

Question 19

Class 5

Answer 19

ssRNA with envelope with glycoproteins
1) Enters and uncoats
2. Viral genome used as template to make mRNA to make capsid proteins and glycoproteins in the ER.
3) also used to make copies of mRNA genome
4. mRNA genome copies, host cell membrane, Glycoproteins and capsid proteins form new viral particals

Question 20

Class 6 retroviruses

Answer 20

ssRNA
Has viral envelope and glycoproteins
1) Enters and uncoats
2) Contains reverse transcriptase. Uses RNA as a template to make DNA.
3) DNA becomes part of host genome
4) some used to make more RNA genome. Some used to make mRNA for capsid proteins and glycoproteins in the ER.
5) RNA genome, capsid proteins, reverse transcriptase proteins, plasma membrane and glycoproteins self assemble into viral particle.