mesoderm

Question 1

What influences the development of mesoderm?

Answer 1

AVE and Node signalling centers

AVE stands for Anterior Visceral Endoderm, and Node refers to the organizing center in the embryo.

Question 2

What are the types of mesoderm and what do they form?

Answer 2

• AXIAL MESODERM → NOTOCHORD
• PARAXIAL MESODERM → SOMITES (muscle, bone)
• INTERMEDIATE MESODERM → UROGENITAL SYSTEM (Gonads)
• LATERAL PLATE MESODERM → HEART, BLOOD VESSELS, LIMBS

Lateral plate mesoderm divides into splanchnic (inner) and somatic (outer) layers.

Question 3

What does the axial mesoderm give rise to?

Answer 3

Notochord

The notochord is a flexible rod-like structure that plays a significant role in the development of the vertebral column.

Question 4

What does the paraxial mesoderm form?

Answer 4

Somites, which develop into muscle and bone

Somites are segmented structures that give rise to various tissues, including skeletal muscle and vertebrae.

Question 5

What is the role of somites?

Answer 5

Paired transient structures formed from paraxial mesoderm in a segmented pattern

Somites are critical in organizing the body plan during embryonic development.

Question 6

What influences the differentiation of sclerotome?

Answer 6

Sonic Hedgehog (shh) from notochord

Sclerotome gives rise to vertebrae and ribs.

Question 7

What does the dermomyotome give rise to?

Answer 7

Muscle and dermis

The dermomyotome is the part of the somite that contributes to the formation of skeletal muscle and skin.

Question 8

What is the function of inductive signalling in mesoderm development?

Answer 8

Regulates cell fate and tissue formation through secreted signals

Inductive signalling involves various factors released by adjacent tissues that influence the development of mesodermal derivatives.

Question 9

Which signals induce sclerotome fate?

Answer 9

Pax 1 induced by shh from notochord

Pax 1 is a transcription factor crucial for vertebral development.

Question 10

What does the dorsal neural tube secrete, and what does it induce?

Answer 10

• Secretes: Wnt 1 and NT-3
• Induces: Dermatome

The dermatome contributes to the formation of the skin.

Question 11

What does the epidermis secrete to induce abaxial fate?

Answer 11

Wnt

Wnt signalling plays a key role in various development processes, including cell fate determination.

Question 12

Fill in the blank: The lateral plate mesoderm secretes _______ to induce myotome fate.

Answer 12

BMP4

BMP4 (Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4) is involved in the regulation of muscle development.

Question 13

What is FGF4

Answer 13

A secreted factor involved in embryonic development

FaFt plays a role in the formation and organization of the mesoderm.

Question 14

What does FGF4 come from?

Answer 14

secreted by the emerging notochord

Question 15

What is the role of the primitive streak?

Answer 15

Secretes FGF8 and influences mesoderm migration

The primitive streak is crucial for establishing the body plan during development.

Question 16

What happens to mesoderm cells in response to FGF8?

Answer 16

They migrate away from the source

FGF8 repulses mesoderm cells, guiding their movement.

Question 17

What are the four types of mesoderm identified?

Answer 17

• Axial mesoderm
• Paraxial mesoderm
• Intermediate mesoderm
• Lateral plate mesoderm

Each type of mesoderm has distinct developmental pathways and roles in forming various tissues.

Question 18

Fill in the blank: The lateral plate mesoderm divides into _______.

Answer 18

Splanchnic and somatic layers

This division is important for the development of various structures, including the circulatory system.