Micro Exam 1

Question 1

bacteria

Answer 1

• prokaryotes
• peptidoglycan cell walls
• binary fission
• use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis for energy
• bacillus, coccus and spiral

Question 2

archaea

Answer 2

• prokaryotes
• lack peptidoglycan
• live in extreme environments

Question 3

fungi

Answer 3

• eukaryotes
• chitin cell walls
• use organic chemicals for energy
• molds and mushrooms are multicellular
• yeasts are unicellular

Question 4

protozoa

Answer 4

• prokaryotes
• unicellular
• absorb or ingest organic chemicals
• may be motile via pseudopods, cilia or flagella

Question 5

algae

Answer 5

• prokaryotes
• cellulose cell walls
• use photosynthesis
• produces oxygen

Question 6

viruses

Answer 6

• acellular
• consists of DNA or RNA core
• core surrounded by protein coat
• coat may be enclosed in lipid envelope

Question 7

cell theory

Answer 7

all living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells

Question 8

biogenesis

Answer 8

hypothesis that the living organisms arise from preexisting life

• first suggested by Virchow
• pasteur with the S-shaped flask proved this theory

Question 9

1st vaccine

Answer 9

smallpox vaccine by jenner

- completely eliminated it

Question 10

fermentation

Answer 10

conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine

Question 11

pasteurization

Answer 11

application of high heat for a short time

- proved by pasteur that heating food destroyed spoilage bacteria

Question 12

who first practiced the technique of aseptic surgery?

Answer 12

joseph lister

Question 13

koch’s postulates

Answer 13

used to prove that a specific microbe caused a specific disease
- discovered by robert koch

Question 14

chemotherapy

Answer 14

treatment with chemicals

Question 15

antibiotics

Answer 15

chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes

Question 16

microbial genetics

Answer 16

study of how microbes inherit traits

Question 17

molecular biology

Answer 17

study of how DNA directs protein synthesis

Question 18

genomics

Answer 18

study of an organism’s genes, provided new tools for classifying microorganisms

Question 19

what is the role of organisms in the ecosystem?

Answer 19

recycle carbon, nutrients, sulfur and phosphorus that can be used

Question 20

bioremediation

Answer 20

bacteria that degrade organic matter in sewage, can degrade or detoxify pollutants

Question 21

biotechnology

Answer 21

use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals

Question 22

recombinant DNA technology

Answer 22

new technique for biotechnology, enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins including vaccines and enzymes

Question 23

what are the roles of normal microbiota?

Answer 23

• prevent growth of pathogens
• produce growth factors
• provide resistance to disease which include skin, stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals

Question 24

biofilms

Answer 24

can grow and become resistant

- attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses

Question 25

spontaneous generation

Answer 25

hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter, a vital force forms life - has now been proven false

Question 26

what experiment did john needham do?

Answer 26

nutrient broth heated, then placed in sealed flask and saw microbial growth

Question 27

what experiment did lazzaro spallanzani do?

Answer 27

nutrient brother placed in flask, heated then sealed and saw no microbial growth

Question 28

what experiment did louis pasteur do?

Answer 28

- nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, not sealed and saw microbial growth - nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, then sealed and saw no microbial growth

Question 29

what was Ehrlich's contribution?

Answer 29

theory of immunity, "magic bullet" that could destroy a pathogen without harming the host

Question 30

what was Fleming's contribution?

Answer 30

discovery of penicillin

Question 31

Hooke

Answer 31

- developed the term for a cell by looking at cork

Question 32

gene therapy

Answer 32

used to replace missing or defective genes in human cells