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Microbiology > Micro Exam 3c > Flashcards

Micro Exam 3c Flashcards

(44 cards)

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1
Q

Where are T and B cells formed and found?

A
  • formed in stem cells in rad bone marrow

- can be found in blood and lymphoid organs (lymph nodes and spleen)

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2
Q

humoral immunity

A

fluids, due to antibodies from B lymphocytes (B cells) that mature in bone marrow
- against bacteria, particles and viruses

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3
Q

cellular immunity

A 
T lymphocytes (T cells) mature in thymus and font's produce antibodies but do produce specific signals (cytokines) that direct B cell specificity
- against abnormal cells
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4
Q

serology

A

study of reactions between antibodies and antigens

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5
Q

antiserum

A

generic term for serum because it contains antigens

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6
Q

globulins

A

serum proteins

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7
Q

immunoglobulins

A

antibodies, globular proteins

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8
Q

antigen

A

substance (proteins) that causes the body to produce specific antibodies or sensitized T cells
- interact with B and T cells

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9
Q

epitopes

A

receptor molecules

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10
Q

hapten

A

antigen is combined with carrier molecules

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11
Q

valence

A

number of antigen-binding sites

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12
Q

classes of immunoglobulins

A
  • IgG
  • IgM
  • IgA
  • IgD
  • IgE
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13
Q

characteristics of IgG

A
  • monomer
  • 80% of serum antigen
  • in blood, lymph and intestine
  • cross placenta
  • enhance phagocytosis
  • neutralize toxins and viruses, protects fetus and newborn
  • half-life is 23 days
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14
Q

characteristics of IgM

A
  • pentamer
  • 5-10% of serum antigens
  • in blood, lymph and on B cells
  • agglutinates microbes
  • first antigen produces in response to infection
  • half-life is 5 days
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15
Q

characteristics of IgA

A
  • dimer
  • 10-15% of serum antigens
  • mucosal protection
  • in secretions
  • half-life is 6 days
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16
Q

characteristics of IgD

A
  • monomer
  • 0.2% of serum antigens
  • in blood, lymph and B cells
  • on B cells, initiate immune response
  • half-life is 3 days
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17
Q

characteristics of IgE

A
  • monomer
  • 0.0002% of serum antigens
  • on mast cells, basophils and in blood
  • allergic reactions
  • lysis of parasitic worms
  • half-life is 2 days
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18
Q

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

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A

expressed on mammalian cells act to recognize antigens

  • B cells, dendritic cells and macrophages are antigen-presenting cells and process antigens with MHC
  • antigen presented with MHC to helper T cell, which then produces cytokines that activate B cell
19
Q

activation of B cells

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A
  • immunoglobulin receptors on B cell surface recognize and attach to antigen, which is then internalized and processed
  • antigen combines with MHC
  • MHC and antigen complex display on cell surface
  • receptor on T helper cell recognize MHC complex and is activated
  • T helper cells produces cytokines
  • cytokines activate B cell and begins clonal expansion
  • progeny become anti-producing
20
Q

clonal selection

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A

faster, stronger response at the second exposure

21
Q

clonal deletion

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A

eliminates harmful B cells

22
Q

T-dependent antigens vs T-independent antigens

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A

strong vs weak immune response

23
Q

B cells differentiate into what?

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A
  • antibody-producing plasma cells

- memory cells

24
Q

how are foreign organisms and toxins rendered harmless?

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A
  • agglutination
  • opsonization
  • antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
  • neutralization
  • activation of complement
25
agglutination
antibodies cause antigens to clump together and facilitate phagocytosis
26
opsonization
antibodies coat the foreign molecule and facilitate phagocytosis
27
antibody-dependent cell-mediated immunity
antibodies coat the foreign molecule resembling opsonization | - cause destruction by macrophages, eosinophils and NK cells
28
complement fixation
bound antibodies activate complement
29
neutralization
antibodies coat the pathogen and block the attachment to the host cell
30
peyer's path
site where bacteria is drained into
31
T cells and their immunity
- specialize in recognizing intracellular antigens - mature in thymus - respond to antigen by T-cell receptors - require antigen-presenting cells
32
T-helper cells
cooperate with B cells in production of antibodies mainly through production of cytokines - CD4+ - differentiate into two different kinds
33
T cytotoxic cells
differentiate into effector cells (cytotoxic T cells) - CD8+ - target cells are self carrying abnormal endogenous antigens - induce apoptosis - release perforin and granzymes
34
apoptosis
- cut genome into fragments and external membranes bulge outward - signals expressed on surface attract circulating phagocytes
35
T regulatory cells
combat autoimmunity by suppressing T cells that escape deletion in thymus and have potential to react with the body's self molecules
36
antigen-presenting cell
- digest antigen - present antigen fragments on their surface with MHC a. B cells b. dendritic cells c. activated macrophages
37
natural killer cells
- granular leukocytes destroy cells that don't express MHC - kill virus-infected and tumor cells - important in attacking parasites - not immunologically specific - cause pores to form in target cell which causes lysis or apoptosis
38
antibody titer
is amount of Ab in serum, reflective of intensity of antibody-mediated humoral response
39
primary response
occurs after initial contact with Ag
40
secondary response
occurs after second exposure
41
naturally acquired active immunity
resulting from infection
42
naturally acquired passive immunity
transplacental or via colostrum
43
artificially acquired active immunity
injection of vaccine
44
artificially acquired passive immunity
injection of vaccine

Microbiology (16 decks)

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