metabolism
sum of the chemical reactions in organism
catabolism
provides energy and building blocks for anabolism
anabolism
requires energy and building clocks to build large molecules
heterotroph
requires food
autotroph
can produce it’s own food
chemoheterotroph
- carbon source: organic material
- final electron acceptor: O2, organic compounds or inorganic compounds
chemoautotroph
- carbon source: CO2
- final electron acceptor: hydrogen, sulfur, iron, nitrogen
photoheterotroph
- carbon source: organic compounds
photosutotroph
- carbon source: CO2
- oxygenic or anocygenic
oxygenic
uses H2O to break down CO2
anoxygenic
does not use H2O to break down CO2
apoenzyme
protein structure
cofactor
nonprotein structure
holoenzyme
is the apoenzyme plus the cofactor
what are the important coenzymes
- NAD+
- NADP+
- FAD
- Coenzyme A
oxidoreductase
oxidation-reduction reactions
transferase
transfer functional groups
hydrolase
hydrolysis
lyase
removal of atoms without hydrolysis
isomerase
rearrangement of atoms
factors influencing enzyme activity
- temp
- pH
- inhibitors
- substrate concentration
oxidative phosphorylation
energy released from transfer of electrons of one compound to another
- used to form ATP in ETC
photophosphorylation
light causes chlorophyll to give up electrons, energy released from transfer of electrons of cholorphyll through system of carrier molecules to generate ATP
glycolysis
oxidation of glucose to pyretic acid with production of ATP an NADH
kreb cycle
oxidation of acetyl CoA to CO2 with production of ATP, NADH, FADH2
electron transport chain
NADH and FADH2 are oxidized using electron carriers to produce energy
fermentation
- moves from pyruvic acid to organic product
- does not require O2
- does not require kreb cycle or ETC
- uses organic molecule as final electron acceptor
kinase
adds phosphate groups to substrate
phosphatase
removes phosphate group
what are the carrier molecules for ETC
- flavoproteins
- ubiquinones
- cytochromes
where do the steps in respiration occur in eukaryotes?
- glycolysis: cytoplasm
- kreb cycle: mitochondria
- ETC: mitochondria
where do the steps in respiration occur in prokaryotes?
- glycolysis: cytoplasm
- kreb cycle: cytoplasm
- ETC: plasma membrane
alcohol fermentation
produces ethanol and CO2
types of lactic acid fermentation
- homolactic fermentation
- heteroleactic fermentation
cyclic phosphorylation
electrons return to the chlorophyll
noncyclic phosphorylation
electrons used to reduce NADP+ which are then replenished by electrons from H20 and H2S
light dependent reaction
occurs in presence of light, happens in the thylakoid and stimulates cholorphyll
light independent reaction
- calvin-bensone cycle
- converts CO2 into sugar
purines
A and T
pyrimidines
G and C