Micro Exam 2d

Question 1

pathology

Answer 1

study of disease

Question 2

etiology

Answer 2

study of the cause of disease

Question 3

pathogenesis

Answer 3

manner in which a disease develops

Question 4

infection

Answer 4

colonization of the body by pathogens

Question 5

disease

Answer 5

an abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally

Question 6

normal microbiota

Answer 6

permanently colonize the host

Question 7

transient microbiota

Answer 7

may be present for days, weeks or months

Question 8

symbiosis

Answer 8

relationship between normal microbiota and the host

Question 9

commensalism

Answer 9

type of symbiosis in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Question 10

mutualism

Answer 10

type of symbiosis in which both organisms benefit

Question 11

parasitism

Answer 11

type of symbiosis in which one organism benefits at the expense of another

Question 12

microbial antagonism

Answer 12

where our normal microbiota can prevent pathogens from causing infection

Question 13

how do normal microbiota protect the host?

Answer 13

• occupy niches that pathogens might occupy
• produce acids
• produce bacteriocins

Question 14

bacteriocins

Answer 14

proteins that inhibit the growth of bacteria of the same or closely related species

Question 15

probiotics

Answer 15

live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect

Question 16

koch’s postulates

Answer 16

• used to prove the cause of an infectious disease

Question 17

classifying infectious disease

Answer 17

• symptom
• sign
• syndrome
• communicable disease
• contagious disease
• noncommunicable disease

Question 18

sign

Answer 18

change in body that can be measured or observed as result of disease

Question 19

syndrome

Answer 19

specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

Question 20

communicable disease

Answer 20

disease that is spread from one host to another

Question 21

noncommunicable disease

Answer 21

disease that is not tramped from one host to another

Question 22

incidence

Answer 22

fraction of population that contracts a disease during a specific time

Question 23

prevalence

Answer 23

fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time

Question 24

sporadic disease

Answer 24

disease that occurs occasionally in a population

Question 25

endemic

Answer 25

disease constantly present in a population

Question 26

epidemic

Answer 26

disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time

Question 27

pandemic

Answer 27

worldwide epidemic

Question 28

herd immunity

Answer 28

immunity in most of a population

Question 29

acute disease

Answer 29

develops rapidly but lasts only a short time

Question 30

chronic disease

Answer 30

disease develops slowly, may have less severe reaction

Question 31

latent disease

Answer 31

disease with a period of no symptoms when causative agent is inactive

Question 32

local infection

Answer 32

pathogens are limited to small area of body

Question 33

systemic infection

Answer 33

an infection throughout the body spread throughout the body by blood

Question 34

focal infection

Answer 34

systemic infection that began as a local infection

Question 35

sepsis

Answer 35

toxic inflammatory condition arising form the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins

Question 36

bacteremia

Answer 36

bacteria in the blood

Question 37

septicemia

Answer 37

growth of bacteria in the blood

Question 38

toxemia

Answer 38

toxins in the blood

Question 39

viremia

Answer 39

viruses in the blood

Question 40

primary infection

Answer 40

acute infection that causes an initial illness

Question 41

secondary infection

Answer 41

opportunistic infection after primary infection

Question 42

subclinical disease

Answer 42

no noticeable signs or symptoms

Question 43

convalescence

Answer 43

period of recovery

Question 44

direct contact

Answer 44

requires close association between infected and susceptible host

Question 45

indirect contact

Answer 45

spread of fomites | - hypodermic needle

Question 46

droplet contact

Answer 46

transmission via airborne droplets

Question 47

vehicle transmission

Answer 47

transmission by an inanimate object reservoir | - food, water or air

Question 48

vector transmission

Answer 48

- arthropods (fleas, ticks and mosquitoes) - mechanical - biological

Question 49

mechanical transmission

Answer 49

arthropod carries pathogen on feet

Question 50

biological transmission

Answer 50

pathogen reproduces in the vector or arthropod

Question 51

nosocomial infections

Answer 51

are acquired as a result of a hospital stay

Question 52

descriptive epidemiology

Answer 52

collection and analysis of data | - John Snow: mapped occurrence of cholera in london

Question 53

analytical epidemiology

Answer 53

comparison of a diseased group and a healthy group | - Florence Nightingale: showed that hand washing decreased incidence of puerperal fever

Question 54

experimental epidemiology

Answer 54

controlled experiments | - Ignaz Semmelweis: showed that improved sanitation decreased the incidence of typhus

Question 55

morbidity

Answer 55

incidence of a specific disease

Question 56

mortality

Answer 56

deaths from the disease

Question 57

morbidity rate

Answer 57

number of people affects in relation to the total population in a given time period

Question 58

mortality rate

Answer 58

number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time

Question 59

sequence of sickness

Answer 59

- incubation period - prodromal period - period of illness - period of decline - period of convalescence

Question 60

compromised host

Answer 60

patients with burns, surgical wounds and suppressed immune systems are most susceptible to nosocomial infections

Question 61

opportunistic microorganisms

Answer 61

do not cause disease under normal conditions but cause disease under special conditions

Question 62

what are emerging infectious diseases a result form?

Answer 62

- antibiotics and pesticides - climate change - travel - lack of vaccinations - improved case reporting