Micro Exam 1a

Question 1

prokaryotes

Answer 1

• one circular chromosome, doesn’t contain a membrane
• no histones
• no organelles
• peptiodogylcan cell walls if bacteria
• pseudomurein cells walls if archaea
• binary fission

Question 2

eukaryotes

Answer 2

• paired chromosomes in nuclear membrane
• histones
• organelles
• polysaccharide cell walls
• mitotic spindle

Question 3

basic prokaryotic shapes

Answer 3

• bacillus
• coccus
• spiral

Question 4

flagella

Answer 4

• helps with motility
• attached to protein hook
• anchored to wall and membrane by basal body

Question 5

fimbriae

Answer 5

proteins that help it attach to usually another cell

Question 6

glycocalyx

Answer 6

outside a prokaryotic cell, sticky in nature

- capsule present that prevents phagocytosis

Question 7

axial filaments

Answer 7

• endoflagella
• wrapped along the surface of the organism’s body
• can burrow

Question 8

pilli

Answer 8

facilitate transfer of DNA from one cell to another

- gliding or twitching motility

Question 9

gram-positive cell walls

Answer 9

the outer surface of the cell is made of all peptidoglycan subunits that are connected to each other by amino acid chains

• penicillin sensitive
• disrupted by lysozyme
• 2-ring basal body

Question 10

gram-negative cell walls

Answer 10

contains a lipid bilayer as the main portion of the cell way, but contains a little amount of peptidoglycan in the middle the two layers

• 4-ring basal body
• endotoxin

Question 11

acid-fast cell walls

Answer 11

• similar to gram-positive

- waxy lipid boundto peptidoglycan

Question 12

mycoplasmas

Answer 12

• lack cell walls

- sterols in plasma membrane

Question 13

archaea

Answer 13

wall-less OR walls of pseudomurein

Question 14

protoplast

Answer 14

wall-less cell

Question 15

spheroplast

Answer 15

wall-less gram-positive cell

Question 16

L forms

Answer 16

wall-less cells that swell into irregular shapes

Question 17

ribosomes in prokaryotes

Answer 17

site of protein synthesis

• 70S
• subunits are 50S and 30S

Question 18

types of inclusions

Answer 18

• metachromatic granules
• polysaccharide granules
• lipid inclusions
• sulfur granules
• carboxysomes
• gas vacuoles
• magnetosomes

Question 19

function of metachromatic granules

Answer 19

phosphate reserves

Question 20

function of polysaccharide granules, lipid inclusions and sulfur granules

Answer 20

energy reserves

Question 21

endospores

Answer 21

resting cell, resistant to desiccation, heat and chemicals

Question 22

sporulation

Answer 22

endospore formation

Question 23

germination

Answer 23

return to vegetative state