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Biology 2 > Microscopy and staining > Flashcards

Microscopy and staining Flashcards

1
Q

What is an optic microscope made up of?

A

Eyepiece lens, objective lens, stage, iris diaphragm, course knob, fine knob, light source and the barrel

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2
Q

What is the function of the eyepiece lens?

A

To look at the specimen

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3
Q

What is the function of the objective lens?

A

To magnify the object for the person to see it bigger

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4
Q

What is the function of the stage?

A

It is where the specimen is placed

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5
Q

What is the function of the course knob?

A

To move the stage up and down so the specimen is clearer

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6
Q

What is the function of the fine knob?

A

To make the specimen have a higher resolution

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7
Q

What is the function of the light source?

A

To allow light to go through the specimen so it can be seen

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8
Q

What the the definition of magnification?

A

How much bigger an object appears than the original object

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9
Q

What the the definition of resolution?

A

The ability to produce an image that shows the fine details clearly, the ability to distinguish between 2 points

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10
Q

What is the definition of linear magnification?

A

Length and width are magnified the same amount

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11
Q

How to use a microscope?

A

1) Turn on light source
2) Turn the objective lens to the lowest setting
3)Place specimen on the stage
4)Look through eye piece and adjust course know so the specimen is close to the objective lens and to change the focus
5)Change the fine knob to change the resolution
6) Change the iris diaphragm to contrast the image
7)Change objective lens to change the magnification
8)At the end change the objective lens to the lowest

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12
Q

What are the advantages of an optical microscope?

A

Easy to use, cheap, can use live specimen, portable, no training needed, can make a photomicrograph

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13
Q

How much can is an optic microscope be magnified by?

A

x1500

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14
Q

How much is an optic microscopes resolution?

A

no less than 200nm

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15
Q

What are the disadvantages of an optical microscope?

A

not strong enough magnification or resolution to see small organelles

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16
Q

How does a laser scanning microscope work?

A

A laser is beamed by onto the specimen to make a picture on a computer

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17
Q

How does an optic microscope work?

A

Light is shined through the specimen to make some parts brighter and dark

18
Q

How does a transmission electron microscope work?

A

Electrons are fired onto the specimen and guided by a magnet through the specimens onto a screen or a photographic plate to make a picture

19
Q

How does a scanning electron microscope work?

A

Secondary electrons are bounced off the specimen so it can be made into an image onto a computer

20
Q

What are the disadvantages of a laser scanning microscope?

A

Small magnification and small resolution compared to an electron microscope
More expensive than optic

21
Q

What are the disadvantages of a transmission electron microscope?

A

Hard to prep samples
Dead specimen
Large and expensive
Needs a lot of training and skill to use
Needs to use a vacuum
May make cell artefact

22
Q

What are the disadvantages of a scanning electron microscope?

A

Dead specimen
Large and expensive
Needs a lot of training and skill to use
Metal salts used could harm user

23
Q

What are the advantages of a laser scanning microscope?

A

High resolution and contrast
Portable
Easy to use
Can focus on different structures at different depths

24
Q

What are the advantages of a transmission electron microscope?

A

Can make a picture of the specimen as a micrograph
High magnification 50mil and resolution0.05nm

25
Q

What are the advantages of a scanning electron microscope?

A

Can do 3D and fake colour
High magnification and resolution

26
Q

How much can is a TEM be magnified by?

A

1 million

27
Q

How much can is a SEM be magnified by?

A

x15 - x200 000

28
Q

How much can is a laser scanning microscope be magnified by?

A

x1500

29
Q

What is the resolution of an electron microscope

A

0.05nm

30
Q

Tips on how to draw a specimen

A

-Use a sharp pencil
-Don’t do any shading or colour
-Add a suitable title
-Add the magnification
-Identify any known structures or what can be seen in the sample
-Use 1/2 of a page
-Make a low-power plan, which has an outline of the important parts but with no cells
-Make a high-powered plan with details
-Draw the lines from the labels to the part to their parts with a pencil and ruler
-describe unknown structures

31
Q

How to prepare a slide

A

1) Clean the slide
2) Put specimen on the slide
3) Stain specimen
4)Lower the coverslip onto the specimen slowly to avoid air bubbles
5) Using a paper towel blot the slide to get rid of excess stain

32
Q

What can be seen on a slide?

A

Small living organisms like bacteria
Smears like blood or onion cells
Tissue sections - leaf, nome, blood vessel, root

33
Q

What problems can be faced with trying to see a living organism?

A

Can’t be stained
Often small, colourless, transparent like Amoeba
They can move around a lot

34
Q

What are the solutions to the problems with living organisms?

A

Can use light interference instead of a light absorption or a dark background to see the specimen better
Can adjust the amount of light by using the iris diaphragm

35
Q

How to make a slide with a tissue section

A

Dehydrate specimen: Water may interfere with the specimen as the specimen could rot or decay which may distort the image
Embed into wax to prevent distortion(so it doesn’t move around)
Slice wax cube with microtome
Stain added
Mount on slide in preservation

36
Q

What does staining do?

A

Coloured chemicals bind to certain molecules in a specimen

37
Q

What and what colour does acetic orcein stain?

A

DNA chromosomes turn dark red

38
Q

What and what colour does eosin stain?

A

Cytoplasm turns pink or red

39
Q

What and what colour does Sudan red stain?

A

Lipids turn red

40
Q

What and what colour does iodine in potassium iodide solution stain in plants?

A

Cellulose in plant cell walls turns yellow

41
Q

What and what colour does iodine in potassium iodide stain in an animal cell?

A

Starch granules turn blue/ black (purple under a microscope)

42
Q

What is the advantages of staining an organism?

A

Makes it visible and easier to see
Staining increases contrast
Identify cell types or organelles
Identify different compounds

Biology 2 (31 decks)

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