Midterm 1 - Functional Anatomy of CNS Flashcards
1
Q
what does the brain consist of
A
cerebrum
diencephalon
cerebellum
brain stem
2
Q
components of brain stem
A
mesencephalon
pons
medullar oblongata
3
Q
components of diencephalon
A
thalamus
hypothalamus
4
Q
what is the cerebrum often referred to
A
forebrain
5
Q
what part of the brain evolves latest
A
cerebrum
6
Q
what does the CNS receive
A
continuous flow of info - from inside and outside of body
7
Q
what does the CNS do with information
A
analyzes and interprets - makes sense of internal and external info
8
Q
what does the CNS send commands for
A
maintain function of vital systems and organs (homeostasis)
respond to external environment
9
Q
how can the brain be organized
A
structural (anatomical) features and function
10
Q
what maintains structural support in CNS
A
meninges
11
Q
what are the meninges
A
3 layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord
12
Q
what is the outer meninx
A
dura mater
13
Q
what is the middle meninx
A
arachnoid
14
Q
what is the inner meninx
A
Pia matter
15
Q
what is the dura mater composition
A
thick and tough - attached to skull bone
16
Q
what does the dura mater do
A
protects and supports the brain
17
Q
where is the dura mater
A
inserted between cerebral hemisphere
18
Q
what does the dura mater form
A
venous sinus
19
Q
what does the dura mater collect
A
most of the blood and cerebrospinal fluid from brain
20
Q
where is the Pia mater
A
tightly attached to the neural tissue
21
Q
where is the sub-arachnoid space
A
between arachnoid and Pia mater
22
Q
what is the subarachnoid space filled with
A
cerebrospinal fluid
23
Q
where is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) formed
A
by capillaries of specialized areas of the Pia mater called choroid plexus
24
Q
where does CSF circulate
A
from brains ventricles down to the central canal of the spinal cord
25
where does the CSF diffuse
from 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space and circulates around the brain and spinal cord
26
what happens to CSF before entering blood circulation
it is drained into venous sinus
27
what are the roles of the CSF
provides nutrients to CNS
protection (shock absorber)
ionic concentration ideal for optimum neuronal function
28
where is the blood -CSF barrier
at choroid plexus
29
what is the blood - CSF barrier responsible for
uptake of nutrients and drugs in CSF
30
what does the blood-brain barrier allow to diffuse
only liposoluble substances such as gases
31
why can no cells or proteins diffuse through blood-brain barrier
it has tight junctions which are surrounded by basal lamina to prevent any leakage/free movement
32
what does the cerebral cortex consist of
grey matter
33
what is the most superficial layer of the cerebrum
cerebral cortex - acquired late in evolution
34
what is the cerebral cortex responsible for
the conscious experience of sensory input
35
what is the cerebral cortex a site of
high nervous association
36
what is the cerebral cortex marked by
a high degree of educability (learning/reflex)
37
where do you hit an animal if you want to render it unconscious
cerebral cortex - primary cortical areas have been mapped
38
what is beneath the cortex
white matter
39
what does white matter include
association fibers between parts of cortex
commissural fibers between 2 hemispheres
projection fibers
40
what do projection fibers in white matter connect
cortex to other brain structures and spinal cord
41
where is the basal nuclei
deep within the cerebrum (close to thalamus)
42
what is the basal nuclei
paired nuclei composed of large pools of neurons
43
what does the basal nuclei control
complex semi-voluntary movements i.e walking/running
44
for movements that will always be the same, where is this info stored
basal nuclei
45
what does the basal nuclei work in conjunction with
the cortex and cerebellum - still requires consciousness
46
what does the basal nuclei also control in birds
voluntary movements
47
where does the cerebellum receive info from
inner ear
proprioceptive receptors
cortex
48
inner ear info
equilibrium
49
proprioceptive receptors
muscles, tendons, joints
50
cortex info
visual and motor
51
what is the main role of the cerebellum
prevent distortion of intended movement
52
how does the cerebellum work
receive info regarding body status intended movement
makes adjustments for smooth completion
53
how does the cerebellum send corrective signals
via thalamus to the cortex and spinal nuclei commanding the muscles
54
what type of animal is the cerebellum well developed
animals requiring precise adjustment for locomotion (air, ground, water)
55
what happens when there is damage to the cerebellum
bad posture
wobbly
cannot control movement
56
what is the diencephalon also called
interbrain
57
what does the diencephalon consist of
hypothalamus
thalamus
epithalamus
58
what is the thalamus
relay station for sensory information, cerebellum, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex
59
what does the epithalamus contain
olfactory correlation centre and the pineal gland
60
what is the epithalamus involved in
circadian rhythm
61
what does the hypothalamus produce
neuropeptides that control anterior pituitary
neurohormones released by posterior pituitary
62
what is the principal regulator of the autonomic nervous system
hypothalamus
63
with the brain stem, the hypothalamus is the most important region for the control of...
homeostasis
64
what does the brain stem contain
nuclei that govern body function by reflexes
large amount of white matter (conveyors)
65
what is the deepest part of the brain
brainstem
66
what is the brain stem the control centre for
cardiovascular and respiratory systems
67
what is the mesencephalon
visual and auditory reflex centre
68
how does the mesencephalon work as the visual reflex centre
receive visual info
control eye movement (for focus)
69
how does the mesencephalon work as the auditory reflex system
turns head for noise
70
what is well developed in birds to process visual info
the mesencephalon
71
what is the size of most mammals' midbrains
very small and covered by cortex
72
what do the pons and medulla oblongata contain
center for postural reflexes
respiratory movements
73
examples of postural reflexes
hopping
righting
placing
74
what is the medulla oblongata crucial for the control of
heart activity
blood pressure
relative distribution of blood to organs
75
how many pairs of cranial nerves are there
12
76
which are the only purely sensory nerves that remain in the brain
I (olfactory) and II (optic)
77
where do cranial nerves III - XII exit from
brain stem and innervate structures of the head and neck
78
what are cranial nerves III - XII mostly
sensory and motor (mixed)
79
what is the cranial nerve that is the exception
X - Vagus nerve
80
what makes cranial nerve X the exception
most widely distributed nerve throughout the body, from neck to abdomen
81
what is the vagus nerve (X)
parasympathetic fibers to visceral structures in the thorax and abdomen
82
what must the spinal cord be
flexible - intervertebral disc
83
what are the regions of the spinal cord
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal
84
does the number of vertebra differ between species
yes
85
where is the cervical/thoracic region
neck/chest
86
where is the lumbar region
abdomen
87
where is the sacral region
pelvis
88
where is the coccygeal region
tail
89
how do you access CSF
spinal tap
90
in the spinal cord, what does white matter contain
myelinated and unmyelinated axons
91
how is white matter arranged in the spinal cord
in columns or tracts
92
what does grey matter contain in spinal cord
cell bodies and dendrites
93
what is the grey matter shaped like in the spinal cord
a butterfly
94
what is the dorsal horn of grey matter responsible for
sensory
95
what is the ventral horn of grey matter responsible for
motor (skeletal muscles) and autonomic fibers
96
what is the middle zone of grey matter
association
97
what is the number of spinal nerves dependent on
the number of vertebrae
98
what is the entry/exit of neurons from spinal cord
spinal nerves
99
where are spinal nerves formed
by joined dorsal and ventral roots merged within spinal canal
100
where do spinal nerves emerge from
intervertebral foramina
101
how do spinal nerves predict the effect of spinal cord injury
each spinal segment receives sensory info from skin section and send info to muscles
102
how do spinal nerves receive sensory info from skin
dermatomes
103
how do spinal nerves send info to muscles
myotomes
