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ANSC 3080 > Midterm 1 - Homeostasis/Thermoregulation > Flashcards

Midterm 1 - Homeostasis/Thermoregulation Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a constant/normal internal environment

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2
Q

How is homeostasis achieved

A

coordinated responses of organs/systems that automatically compensate for environmental changes

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3
Q

examples of automatic compensation in homeostasis

A

body temp
blood pressure
O2/CO2 levels

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4
Q

what is coordinated response

A

more than 1 system - all systems working together

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5
Q

how does do systems automatically achieve homeostasis

A

automatically - involves autonomic nervous system (reflexes)

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6
Q

in terms of body temp, what are mammals and birds

A

homeotherms

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7
Q

what are homeotherms

A

warm-blooded animals

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8
Q

what do homeotherms maintain

A

body temp within narrow limits

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9
Q

can homeotherms tolerate high and low temp

A

no

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10
Q

how do birds function under higher heat

A

they have enzymes that are adapted

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11
Q

what does core body temp protect

A

vital organs

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12
Q

how is core body temp measured

A

rectal insertion of thermometer

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13
Q

what does core body temp get influenced by

A

environment
exercise
metabolism

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14
Q

what contributes to core body temp

A

vital organs and central nervous system

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15
Q

what is the thermoneutral zone

A

the ambient temp at which no adjustment is needed

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16
Q

when is no additional energy needed to maintain body temp

A

the thermoneutral zone - perfect husbandry conditions

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17
Q

what is needed during critical temperatures (hot or cold)

A

energy to maintain homeothermic condition

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18
Q

how is energy used to maintain homeothermic condition

A

produce or actively dissipate heat

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19
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

body does have to do anything to maintain core temp (same as thermoneutral zone)

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20
Q

hyperthermia

A

heat stress

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21
Q

what occurs in hyperthermia

A

cells are unable to function due to denatured proteins and enzymes - generally fatal

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22
Q

hypothermia

A

cold stress

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23
Q

what can survive freezing in hypothermia

A

cells

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24
Q

what can result in death due to hypothermia

A

blood circulation and respiration fail (blood can thicken)

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25
how does heat mainly come in mammals and birds
body production (endothermic)
26
is endothermic heat production energy efficient
no
27
how is endothermic heat produced in mammals and birds
metabolism growth and production exercise
28
how does metabolism produce heat
conversion of nutrients to heat (energy)
29
where does heat metabolism mainly occur
heart liver kidneys brain
30
what percentage of energy produced through exercise is heat
80%
31
what must happen to heat transported by blood
it must be released into the environment
32
what are the 4 physical processes for heat release
radiation conduction convection evaporation/condensation
33
what is the best way to lose heat
evaporation/condensation (sweating/panting)
34
what are ways that extra heat can be produced
muscle activity (shivering) non-shivering thermogenesis
35
what is shivering
rhythmic involuntary muscle contraction
36
what is the rhythm of shivering
15/sec
37
how do muscles contract during shivering
antagonistic muscles contract simultaneously
38
what does no exercise mean with energy
100% energy goes to heat production
39
what is the result of non-shivering thermogenesis
increased metabolism
40
how does non-shivering thermogenesis work
the sympathetic nervous system results in secretion of catecholamines which increases metabolism (calorigenic)
41
what most commonly increases metabolism during non-shivering thermogenesis
brown fat
42
what effect doe thyroid hormones have on metabolism
increases
43
which nervous system is the alarm system
sympathetic
44
what kind of animal is brown fat more prevalent in
young animals
45
how is extra heat lost under normal conditions
metabolic heat is removed from the core by the blood through the skin
46
what is the insulation property of the skin inversely proportional to
the blood flow
47
how does heat move in the body
through blood
48
what are gradient physical laws
transfer from high to low
49
radiation
electromagnetic radiation is emitted and absorbed
50
what is radiation relative to
the surface and temperature of the object/animal
51
what is conduction
transfer through contact
52
what does conduction depend on
the conductivity (inverse of insulation)
53
what is convection
transfer via moving air or water
54
what is the benefit of evaporation
very efficient
55
what does evaporation require energy for
to break water molecules apart
56
where does evaporation occur
through skin and airways
57
what is passive evaporation
normal water loss
58
what is sweating
active process under sympathetic nervous system
59
what does sweating result in besides heat loss
loss of ions
60
what is panting
rapid shallow breathing
61
what animals do no pant
horses pigs
62
what is bathing
water absorb energy before evaporating
63
how do heat loss processes occur
usually simultaneously
64
what is important with heat loss
the type of animal (fur, size etc)
65
what kind of system is thermoregulation
automatic = reflex = sensor + integration + effectors
66
what nerve cells are involved in thermoregulation
thermoreceptors
67
what is the integration centre in thermoregulation
hypothalamus
68
what does is the hypothalamus involved with
information compared to internal reference set points
69
what are effectors in thermoregulation
neurons connected to muscles (somatic) for shivering sympathetic nervous system for blood flow, sweat gland and metabolism hormones - hypothalamopituitary axis
70
what is the voluntary component of thermoregulation
hypothalamus connected to the cortex = exchange of info
71
what does the voluntary component change
behavioural response -> putting jacket on (cognitive behaviour)
72
where are heat receptors found
in the skin below epidermis in the body core blood vessels viscera
73
where in the body core are heat receptors especially found
hypothalamus
74
what is the hypothalamus' sensitivity to temp
0.1 degree C
75
what is the anterior activation of the heat-loss centre
hypothalamus
76
what effectors slow down (experience vasodilatation)
sympathetic vasoconstriction fibers
77
how is information transferred when responding to heat
through warm sensory fibers
78
what does sensitivity to heat depend on
the animal and the external conditions (humidity level)
79
what animals have very good heat sensitivity
cattle sheep
80
what animals have very bad heat sensitivity
pigs
81
why do pigs have such bad heat sensitivity
little sweat small mouth forpanting
82
when is it preferred that pigs are transported due to their bad heat sensitivity
at night
83
what do birds have for heat sensitivity
air sacs
84
where are air sacs in birds located
they are an extension of the lung deep in body cavity
85
what is the purpose air sacs in birds
the ventilation helps cooling
86
where do most animals that aren't good at regulating body temp reside
in the water - it mediated temp change
87
where are cold receptors located
in the skin below epidermis in body core
88
where in the body core are cold receptors located
hypothalamus blood vessels viscera
89
how is cold response info transferred
through cold sensory fibers
90
are cold sensory fibers or warm sensory fibers more numerous
cold
91
how is the hypothalamus involved in cold response
through the activation of heat-producing centre
92
what is the adaptive mechanism to prolonged exposure to heat
lots of sweat shedding
93
how does sweating occur during prolonged exposure to heat
increase in aldosterone stimulates reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- from sweat glands
94
what is the adaptive mechanism to cold
change of fur coat increase in insulation properties (subcutaneous fat) hibernation
95
what is hibernation
voluntary decrease in core body temp followed by a rapid raise
96
pathology involving thermoregulation
fever hyperthermia hypothermia
97
how does fever occur
by resetting hypothalamic thermostat to higher level
98
what is fever response equivalent to
a decrease in temp
99
what is fever caused by
pyrogens released during infection and tissue damage
100
when does hyperthermia occur
when temp exceeds regulating capability heat production exceeds heat loss
101
what are consequences of hyperthermia
convulsions nausea loss of consciousness death
102
how can one experience hyperthermia
excessive exercise exposure to high temperatures
103
when does hypothermia occur
when heal loss exceeds heat production capability
104
what are consequences of hypothermia
slow nervous activity muscular failure - cardiac, pulmonary death
105
what is hypothermia critical with
newborns
106
is fever technically good or bad
good

ANSC 3080 (41 decks)

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