Midterm 2 - Importance of Adrenal Hormones

Question 1

what are adrenals

Answer 1

paired organs capping the kidneys

Question 2

what do the adrenals consist of

Answer 2

2 layers

Question 3

what are the 2 layers of the adrenals

Answer 3

outer cortex and inner medulla

Question 4

what is the outer cortex derived from

Answer 4

mesoderm

Question 5

what is the inner medulla derived from

Answer 5

neural crest

Question 6

what is the medulla a part of

Answer 6

ANS

Question 7

what is the medulla equivalent to

Answer 7

a ganglion, but with postganglionic cells secreting catecholamines that diffuse in blood

Question 8

catecholamines

Answer 8

epinephrine, norepinephrine

Question 9

what are the 3 zones that compose the cortex

Answer 9

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

Question 10

what does the zone glomerulosa secrete

Answer 10

mineralcorticoids

Question 11

what does the zone fasciculata secrete

Answer 11

glucocorticoids

Question 12

what does the zone reticularis secrete

Answer 12

androgens

Question 13

what percentage of the adrenal glands mass is the cortex

Answer 13

90%

Question 14

what hormones does the cortex produce

Answer 14

steroid hormones (adrenocortical hormones) required for survival

Question 15

how are hormones from the cortex produced

Answer 15

by a stepwise conversion of cholesterol perviously absorbed from blood lipoproteins

Question 16

what are major enzymes in the conversion of cholesterol

Answer 16

cytochrome-p450

Question 17

what do cells from each zone of the cortex have

Answer 17

different enzymes while allows formation of different hormones

Question 18

what is the most potent mineralcorticoid

Answer 18

aldosterone

Question 19

what happens to mineralocorticoids after diffusion

Answer 19

they circulate loosely bound to cortisol binding globulin (CBG)

Question 20

what is synthesis and secretion of mineralocorticoids stimulated by

Answer 20

angiotensin
direct actin of K+ concentration on cortical cells

Question 21

does ACTH from pituitary have an impact on aldosterone production

Answer 21

minimal

Question 22

what doe mineralocorticoids regulate

Answer 22

metabolism of important inorganic ions

Question 23

what do mineralocorticoids stimulate

Answer 23

the reabsorption of Na+ and the secretion of K+ in the distal kidney tubules and collecting ducts

Question 24

what does aldosterone do in target cells

Answer 24

binds to its receptor to modulate gene transcription

Question 25

what does aldosterone do to gene transcription in Na+ and K+ pumps in basolateral membrane

Answer 25

increase

Question 26

what does aldosterone do to gene transcription in Na+ channels in apical membrane

Answer 26

increase

Question 27

what do glucocorticoids regulate

Answer 27

glucose metabolism

Question 28

what is the most potent glucocorticoids

Answer 28

cortisol

Question 29

what glucocorticoid has weaker activity

Answer 29

corticosterone

Question 30

what does cortisol do after diffusing into blood

Answer 30

binds to CBG

Question 31

what does the free hormone portion of cortisol do

Answer 31

enters target cells, binds to its receptors and stimulates or inhibits gene transcription

Question 32

what cells are potential targets of cortisol

Answer 32

all

Question 33

what is permissive action

Answer 33

activates transcription of several enzymes that facilitate the action of other hormones

Question 34

what happens to cortisol levels during stress

Answer 34

increase --> enhances the effect of norepinephrine on blood pressure

Question 35

what does cortisol stimulate

Answer 35

gluconeogensis

Question 36

what does cortisol inhibit

Answer 36

tissue glucose utilisation

Question 37

what is the result of cortisol activity during stress

Answer 37

increase in plasma glucose concentration

Question 38

what does cortisol stimulate at high level

Answer 38

the deflation of fat and protein therefore increasing plasma amino acids and fatty acids concentrations

Question 39

what is another thing that cortisol inhibits in many tissues

Answer 39

gene transcription

Question 40

what is the growth inhibition effect

Answer 40

combined with the degradation of fat and protein --> energy conserved for survival during high stress

Question 41

what are anti-inflammatory effects of cortisol

Answer 41

inhibits formation of prostaglandins and cytokines reduces number of lymphocytes migration

Question 42

another name glucocorticoid deficiency

Answer 42

Addison's disease

Question 43

where is glucocorticoid deficiency most common

Answer 43

in dogs

Question 44

what is the consequence of glucocorticoid deficiency

Answer 44

life threatening

Question 45

what is a major cause of glucocorticoid deficiency

Answer 45

autoimmune disorders that destroy adrenal cortex cells

Question 46

symptoms of glucocorticoid deficiency

Answer 46

reduced blood pressure -->dizziness reduced appetite, sluggish, depression, vomiting

Question 47

what is the symptom of loss of negative feedback associated with glucocorticoid deficiency

Answer 47

a measurable increase in ACTH secretion

Question 48

what is another name for glucocorticoid (cortisol) overproduction

Answer 48

Cushing's disease

Question 49

which animals is cortisol overproduction common

Answer 49

mostly dogs, can occur in cats and horses

Question 50

what is cortisol overproduction primarily due to

Answer 50

pituitary and adrenal cortex tumours

Question 51

symptoms of when cortisol is continuously high

Answer 51

dogs eat and drink a lot, lose hair, muscles weaken anti-insulin effects can lead to diabetes

Question 52

what are androgens similar to

Answer 52

testosterone

Question 53

how do androgens circulate

Answer 53

partly bound to SHBG and albumin

Question 54

iare androgens or testosterone more potentate

Answer 54

testosterone

Question 55

is the role of androgens known in males

Answer 55

no

Question 56

what is the role of androgens in females

Answer 56

transformed to estrogen in adipose tissue

Question 57

what is the only source of estrogen after menopause in females

Answer 57

androgens

Question 58

what type of hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete

Answer 58

catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine)

Question 59

what does the ratio of epinephrine/norepinephrine depend on

Answer 59

species

Question 60

what is the ratio of epinephrine/norepinephrine in humans

Answer 60

4/1

Question 61

what is secretion of catecholamines partly under the control of

Answer 61

preganglionic sympathetic nerves that release Ach

Question 62

what does Ash do to cells from the medulla

Answer 62

depolarizes the cells induces Ca2+ entry and exocytosis of hormones

Question 63

what is the effect of medulla compared to sympathetic system

Answer 63

slower but longer

Question 64

what is the issue with the normal blood level of catecholamines

Answer 64

it is too low to exert an action

Question 65

where do catecholamines bind to

Answer 65

adrenergic receptors in target cells

Question 66

what are the 2 types of receptors that catecholamines bind to

Answer 66

alpha and beta both G-protein coupled receptors

Question 67

what is the effect of alpha receptors for catecholamines

Answer 67

increase Ca2+

Question 68

what is the effect of beta receptors for catecholamines

Answer 68

increase cAMP

Question 69

what catecholamine receptors are most common in target cells from the sympathetic

Answer 69

alpha

Question 70

what effect does stimulation of catecholamine alpha receptors have in arterioles and sphincters of GI tract

Answer 70

constriction of smooth muscle

Question 71

what is the result of activation of B1 catecholamine receptors in heart

Answer 71

increase in heart rate and contractility

Question 72

where are B2 catecholamine receptors present

Answer 72

in muscles from bronchioles --> inhibition of contraction

Question 73

where does epinephrine have a dual effect on alpha and beta receptors

Answer 73

in arterioles of skeletal muscles

Question 74

what is the effect that epinephrine has in arterioles of skeletal muscles

Answer 74

low levels active beta receptors (relaxation) high levels activate alpha receptors (small contraction)

Question 75

what is stress

Answer 75

factors that alter or might alter the body internal envrionemtn

Question 76

what are 2 types of stress

Answer 76

internal external

Question 77

examples of external stress

Answer 77

cold exercise injury

Question 78

examples of internal stress

Answer 78

pain physiological factors