Flashcards in Midterm 3 Respiration Deck (92)
Loading flashcards...
1
Which vessel provides the lung's functional circulation?
a. pulmonalis
aa. bronchiales
vv. pulmonales
v. azygos.
A. pulmonalis
2
Which artery supplies nutrients to the lung?
a. pulmonalis
aa. bronchiales
a. carotis communis
v. azygos
aa. bronchiales
3
Which part of the lung circulation is influenced by gravitation the most?
ventral
medial
dorsal
the gravitation does not influence the circulation of the lung
Ventral
4
How does hypoxia influence the lung circulation?
hypoxia does not influence the lung circulation
vasodilation occurs in poorly ventilated alveoli
vasoconstriction of well ventilated alveoli compensates for hypoxia
local vasoconstriction excludes poorly ventilated alveoli from perfusion
Local vasoconstriction excludes poorly ventilated alveoli from perfusion (constriction instead of vasodilation)
5
In which manner does the parasympathetic innervation influence the pulmonary vessels?
dilation via vagal mediation
inhibition of acetylcholine release
alpha-recepror stimulation
beta-receptor inhibition
Dilation via vagal mediation
6
How does the sympathetic innervation influence the pulmonary vessels?
the epinephrine inhibits dilation via beta- receptors
the sympathetic noradrenergic fibres inhibit alpha-receptors
the epinephrine dilates vessels via alpha-receptors
inhibition by sympathetic cholinergic fibres
The sympathetic noradrenergic fibres inhibit alpha-receptors (vasoconstriction)
7
What is the effect of the increased pulmonary arterial blood pressure on the pressure in the lung circulation?
it increases
it does not influence
it decreases
it increases considerably
It decreases
8
Which of the following functions is not typical of the nose cavity?
dissipation of heat
air conditioning
protection
creation of sound
Creation of sound
9
What is the role of the larynx?
protection
creating sound
dissipation of heat
air conditioning
Creating sound
10
What is the role of the pharynx?
protection
creating sound
dissipation of heat
air conditioning
Protection
11
What is the role of the alveolus?
air conditioning
dissipation of heat
gas exchange
conduction of air
Gas exchange
12
Where does the gas exchange occur?
in the windpipe
in the bronchus
in the bronchiolus
in the alveolus
In the alveolus
13
How many major layers separate the air from the blood in the alveolus?
4
2
5
3
4
14
What is the role of the T2 type pneumocytes?
gas exchange
surfactant production
barrier from the O2 and the CO2
it constitutes the skeleton of the alveolus
Surfactant production
15
Which is that anatomical unit in large animals which is responsible for inspiration?
m. intercostales externi
stomach muscles
diaphragm
m. intercostales interni
Diaphragm
16
In what kind of respiration do the abdominal muscles play a role?
normal expiration
normal inspiration
forced inspiration
forced expiration
Forced expiration
17
What causes the process of expiration?
mainly the collapsing tendency of the lung issue
active muscle work
passive pressure from the abdominal cavity
the contracting of the active elements of the lungs
Mainly the collapsing tendency of the lung tissue
18
What prevents the complete collapsing of the lungs?
the pressure relations in the lungs
the adhesion forces between the parietal and visceral plates of the pleura
ligaments of the lungs
the muscle elements of the lungs
The adhesion forces between the parietal and visceral plates of the pleura
19
Which parts of the lungs are aired better?
the areas being in the vertex
the areas being under the vertebral coloumn
the diaphragmatic and the parietal parts of lungs
the medial parts of the lungs
The diaphragmatic and the parietal parts of the lungs (more easily dilated)
20
What is the functional residual capacity?
the amount of air remaining in the lungs during apnea (pause)
the volume of air which can be inhalated in a forced way
that fraction which cannot be expirated even in a forced way
that quantity of air which remains in the lung after full compression
The amount of air remaining in the lungs during apnea (FRC)
21
What is the inspiratory reserve volume?
the amount of air remaining in the lungs during apnea
the volume of air which can be inhaled in a forced way
that fraction which cannot be expired even in a forced way
that quantity of air which remains in the lung after full compression
The volume of air which can be inhaled in a forced way (after relaxed inspiration)
22
What is the vital capacity?
the amount of air remaining in the lungs during apnea
Inspiratory reserve plus expiratory reserve plus
tidal volume
that fraction which cannot be expired even in a forced way
that quantity of air which remains in the lung after full compression
Inspiratory reserve plus expiratory reserve plus tidal volume (The maximal volume changes that can actively be attained)
23
Which air fraction stabilizes the composition of the alveolar air?
the expiratory reserve volume
the minimal air
the inspiratory reserve volume
the functional residual volume
The functional residual volume (FRC is approx. 5-8 times bigger than the fresh air inhaled, therefore the FRC
stabilizes the composition of the alveolar air, the partial pressure of gases is close to constant
here: this ensures the normal gas exchange in the lung)
24
Which is the formula on the basis of which the ventilation coefficient can be calculated?
(respiratory reserve - dead space) / functional residual volume + dead space
(respiration air + dead space) / functional rest air - dead space
(vital capacity - dead space) / minimal air + dead space
(tidal volume - dead space) / vital capacity - dead space
(respiratory reserve - dead space) / functional residual volume + dead space
25
TLC
Total lung capacity
- the total maximal air volume of the lung
26
VT
Volume tidal
- respiratory air
The quantity of air taken in and out during relaxed inspiration and expiration
27
FRC
Functional residual capacity
- the total air quantity remaining in the lung during pause (apnea).
28
IRV
Inspiratory reserve volume
- the volume of air that can forcibly be inhaled after relaxed inspiration
29
ERV
Expiratory reserve volume
- the volume of air that can forcibly be exhaled after relaxed expiration
30
RV
Residual volume
- residual air. The fraction which cannot be eliminated
from the lung even by forced expiration
31
VC
Vital capacity. The maximal volume changes that can actively be attained.
32
FVC
Forced vital capacity
VC = VT + IRV + ERV
33
What is the physiological dead space?
sites which are not covered by respiratory epithelium
the sum of non- functioning spaces plus anatomical dead space
the anatomical dead space is always larger than the physiological dead space
the physiological dead space is smaller then the anatomical one if the ventilation improves
The sum of non-functioning spaces plus anatomical dead space
34
What is true for panting?
alkalosis can develop
the slow central flow rate provides the suitable gas exchange
parietal and axial air flow prevent alkalosis
the fast parietal flow prevents alkalosis
Parietal and axial air flow prevents alkalosis
35
What is the role of the panting?
it secures the acid- base balance
to ensure more efficient breathing
getting rid of water
heat dissipation
Heat dissipation
36
What are the pressure relations during inspiration?
the pressure in the lungs decreases under the atmospheric pressure because of the active work of inspiratory muscles
the pressure in the lungs decreases under the atmospheric pressure because of the relaxing of inspiratory muscles
the pressure in the lungs decreases under the intrapleural pressure
the intrapleural pressure increases above the resting level
The pressure in the lungs decreases under the atmospheric pressure because of the active work of inspiratory muscles
37
What are pressure relations during expiration?
the intrapleural pressure decreases below its resting value
the intrapulmonary pressure increases above the atmospheric level
the intrapleural presure increases above the atmospheric level
the intrapleural pressure decreases below resting level
The intrapulmonary pressure increases above the atmospheric level
38
What is the essence of the Müllers experiment?
the forced expiration - if the epiglottis is closed - increases the intrapulmonary and intrathoracic pressures
it has physiological importance in the process of defecation
the intrapulmonary and thoracic pressures decrease considerably during deep inspiration
the expiration after the closing of the epiglottis decreases the intrapulmonary and intrathoracic pressure
The intrapulmonary and thoracic pressures decrease considerable during deep inspiration
39
What is true for the Valsava experiment?
the forced expiration - if the epiglottis is closed - increases the intrapulmonary and intrathoracic pressures
it has physiological importance in the process of rumination
the intrapulmonary and thoracic pressures decrease considerably during deep inspiration
the expiration after the closing of the epiglottis decreases the intrapulmonary and intrathoracic pressure
The forced expiration - if the epiglottis is closed - increases the intrapulmonary and intrathoracic pressures (helps in rumination)
40
Which component of respirational work is the most important?
overcoming the surface tension of alveoli
overcoming the frictional resistance
overcoming the elastic resistance of the lung
overcoming the viscous resistance of the chest
Overcoming the surface tension of alveoli
41
What makes the alveolus collapse?
intrapulmonary pressure
surface tension
surface tension of neighbouring alveolus
surfactants
Surface tension
42
What works against the collapse of the alveolus?
surface tension
elastic elements
surface tension of nearby alveoli
lack of surfactant
Surface tension of nearby alveoli
43
What is the transmural pressure?
the pressure between the two pleural plates
the sum of forces that cause the lung to collapse
the sum of forces that cause the lung to dilate
it is the 2/3 of the transpulmonal pressure and keeps balance with the surface tension
It is the 2/3 of the transpulmonal pressure and keeps balance with the surface tension
44
What is the result of the lack of DPPC?
the small alveoli collapse
the size of the large alveoli does not change
all alveoli collapse
the diameter of the alveoli increases
The small alveoli collapse
45
DPPC
Dipalmytoil Phosphatidile
Choline + Peptides
A major constituent of many pulmonary surfactants
46
How does the surface tension change during inspiration and expiration?
the surface tension continuously increases during inspiration
the surface tension continuously decreases during inspiration
the surface tension decreases during expiration
the surface tension does not change during the breathing cycle
The surface tension continuously decreases during inspiration
47
Which parameter describes the effectiveness of breathing?
ventilation
perfusion
ventilation coefficient
the difference between ventilation and perfusion
Ventilation coefficient
48
How many ml of oxygen dissolves in 1 liter of plasma at 37°C / 1 mmHg?
0.3 ml
0.03 ml
7 ml
0.7 ml
0.7 ml
49
How many ml of carbon dioxide dissolves in 1 liter of plasma at 37°C / 1 mmHg?
0.3 ml
0.03 ml
7 ml
0.7 ml
0.03 ml
50
Which of the following parameters do not influence the gas exchange?
temperature and water vapour
partial pressures
the membrane permeability
the size of exchanging surface
Temperature and water vapour
51
What is true for the alveolar air?
gas pressures in it equals the atmospheric gas pressures
the value of pO2 and pCO2 is constant
during ex- and inspiration its composition always changes
its gas composition is a function of the gas composition of the alveolar capillary
The value of pO2 and pCO2 is constant
52
How much time does it take for gases to exchange in the alveolus?
20 msec
600 msec
800 msec
200 msec
200 msec
53
What is true for the gas exchange in tissues?
increasing metabolism of a cell increases oxygen diffusion to this cell
the partial pressure of CO2 does not influence the diffusion of CO2
the partial pressure of oxygen is higher intracellularly than the pCO2
in the venous capillary blood the pO2 is higher than the pCO2
Increasing metabolism of a cell increases oxygen diffusion to this cell
54
What is true for oxygen transport?
one Hb molecule can bind two oxygens
the oxygen binding of Hb is reversible
1 liter blood can bind volume of 12% O2
the O2 affinity of the Hb does not change physiologically
The oxygen binding of Hb is reversible
55
How does the oxygen saturation curve of the hemoglobin look like in respect to increasing pO2?
it is linear
it is a simple saturation curve
it is sigmoid saturation curve
it is hyperbolic
It is sigmoid saturation curve
56
What is the arterio-venous oxygen difference?
it is the measure of O2 saturation in arteriovenous anastomosis
it increases in rest
it is the difference of minimal O2 saturation and maximum venous saturation
it is the difference between arterial blood maximum O2 saturation and venous blood minimum O2 saturation
It is the difference between arterial blood maximum O2 saturation and venous blood minimum O2 saturation
57
What shifts the O2 saturation curve to the left?
2,3 DPG concentration decrease
tissue pCO2 increase
pH decrease in the tissues
increase of tissue temperature
2,3 DPG concentration decrease
58
At which pO2 is Hb half saturated?
40 mmHg
30 mmHg
95 mmHg
24 mmHg
30 mmHg
59
How much of the carbon dioxide produced by tissues gets into the red blood cells?
70 %
20 %
90 %
100 %
90%
60
How much carbon dioxide is transported in form of carbamino-hemoglobin?
70 %
1%
10 %
20 %
20%
61
In which form is most of the carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
bicarbonate anions
carbamino-hemoglobin
physically dissolved
linked to plasma- proteins
Bicarbonate anions
62
What speeds up bicarbonate formation in the red blood cells?
high CO2 concentration
the presence of deoxy-hemoglobin
decreasing activity of carbonic anhydrase
the potassium efflux from red blood cells
The presence of deoxy-hemoglobin
63
What is true for the "Hamburger-shift"?
the capnophorine transporter inhibits the exchange of bicarbonate to chloride
the chloride follows water migration and the blood cell volume decreases
the capnophorine transporter stimulates the exchange of bicarbonate to chloride
it forms a buffer system
the capnophorine transporter stimulates the exchange of bicarbonate to chloride. Since potassium cannot cross the RBC membrane to establish electroneutrality. Cl goes out using the transporter.
64
Where is the pCO2 the highest?
in arterial blood
in the alveolar air
in the atmospheric air
in the venous blood
In the venous blood
65
What is the Haldane effect?
the high pO2 stimulates the CO2 dissipation gradually
the high pCO2 prevents the loss of O2
the dissociation curve of CO2 in lungs shifts to the right
the rising pO2 increases CO2 binding to proteins
The high pO2 stimulates the CO2 dissipation gradually.
(the high oxygen tension in the lung increasingly stimulates the release of carbon dioxide)
66
What is the effect of the pontine dissection?
irregular cycles of expiration and inspiration
deep prolonged inspirations
expiration and inspiration stops
normal respiratory cycle is maintained
Deep prolonged inspirations
67
APC
Apneustic center
responsible for normal rhythm of respiration
68
PNC
Pneumotaxic cente
inspiration-inhibiting center
(according to the latest hypothesis, it is also responsible for the regulation of the switch between inspiration and expiration)
69
What is the function of the DRG (dorsal respiratory group)?
it is a primary inspiratory center, inhibits the expiratory center
it stimulates the inspiratory center indirectly
it is a secondary expiratory center
it inhibits the switching over of expiration to inspiration
It is a primary inspiratory center, inhibits the expiratory center
70
What is the function of the VRG (ventral respiratory group)?
it stimulates inspiration
it is a secondary expiratory center inhibiting the inspiratory center
it is responsible for the switching over from inspiration to expiration
it is the a primary inspiratory center
It is a secondary expiratory center inhibiting the inspiratory center
71
What is the Hering- Breuer reflex?
a reflex that stimulates inspiration
a reflex of the lung stimulating the apneustic center
a reflex that starts in the lung and inhibits inspiration
it is a reflex that stimulates the n. phrenicus
A reflex that starts in the lung and inhibits respiration
Cutting the vagus: deep inspiration and then a sudden
expiration (it is a
mechanoreceptive reflex, activated by the dilation of lung): it is also called an inspiration inhibiting reflex
72
How does respiration change during severe pain?
respiration becomes irregular
respiration becomes deeper
frequency of respiration increases
expiration stops temporarily
Expiration stops temporarily
73
How is the efferentation of inspiration organized?
facilitation of n. phrenicus
stimulating of expiratory muscles
inhibition of the diaphragm
stimulating of innervation of musculi intercostales interni
Facilitation of n.phrenicus
(inhibition of expiration)
74
How is the efferentation of expiration organized in resting conditions?
facilitation of n. phrenicus
efferentation is not needed
stimulation of mm. intercostales externi
inspiratory muscles are prevented actively
Efferentiation is not needed
75
What kind of changes do the central receptors of the respiratory regulation register?
pO2 in blood, liquor cerebrospinalis and H+ ions in the blood
pO2 and H+ ions in the liquor
pCO2 and concentration of H+ ions in the liquor and in the blood
concentration of CO2 and H+ ions in blood
pCO2 and concentration of H+ ions in the liquor and in the blood
76
Which centers are stimulated by the central gas receptors?
expiratory center
pneumotaxic center
respiratory center of VRG
respiratory center of DRG
Respiratory center of DRG
77
How does the pCO2 in blood influence the activity of DRG?
getting in the cerebrospinal fluid it causes decrease in the pH as well as the direct effect becomes operative
via the indirect increase of the pH
direct effect on DRG
indirect effect on the DRG
Getting in the cerebrospinal fluid causes a decrease in the pH as well as the direct effect becomes operative
78
What is the characteristic feature of peripheral gas sensors?
they react to the change of pCO2
they are sensitive mainly to the change of pO2
they are found in sinus aorticus and arcus aortae
it is sensitive solely to the change of pO2
They are sensitive mainly to the change of pO2
79
What is dyspnea?
respiratory pause
asphyxia
irregular respiration
normal respiration
Irregular respiration
80
What is apnea ?
asphyxia
irregular respiration
normal respiration
respiratory pause
Respiratory pause
81
What is the Biot-respiration?
approximately normal respiratory cycles are interrupted by longer apnea
gasping inspiration
deep and superficial respiration alternating occasionally with respiratory pause
quick, superficial respiration
Approximately normal respiratory cycles are interrupted by longer apnea
(Biot’s rhythm:
mostly during encephalitis or meningitis the normal breathing cycles are interrupted by a long apnea)
82
Which defensive reflex does the inhalation of toxic gases and vapours prevent?
sneezing
nociceptive apnea
coughing
diving reflex
Nociceptive apnea
(Mechanism: sudden break in breathing (apnea). Same reaction may happen in
intensive pain, or sudden cooling of back’s skin.)
83
Which defensive reflex is produced by mechanical and chemical stimulation of the mucous membrane of the upper conducting airways?
coughing
diping reflex
sneezing
nociceptive apnea
Sneezing
84
Which defensive reflex prevents choking?
nociceptive apnea
coughing
sneezing
combined swallowing apnea
Combined swallowing apnea
85
Which defensive reflex is produced by the stimulation of tracheobronchial area?
coughing
sneezing
nociceptive apnea
diving reflex
Coughing
86
BIRD
Which part of the air sac contains fresh air?
cranial group
caudal group
both the cranial and caudal groups
none of the above
Caudal group
87
BIRD
How does the countercurrent exchange system work in the respiration of birds?
blood and air flow side by side in one direction
the way of blood and air are not parallel
blood and air flow in the opposite directions in closely attached tubings
blood and air are separated only by one cell layer
Blood and air flow in the opposite directions in closely attached tubings
88
BIRD
In what direction the fresh air flow during inspiration in birds?
air gets from caudal air sacs to the parabronchi
parabronchi fill with stale air
air gets from cranial air sacs to parabronchi
fresh air gets to caudal air sac and to the parabronchi
Fresh air gets to caudal air sac and to the parabronchi
89
BIRD
In what direction does fresh air flow during expiration in birds?
from the caudal air sacs to the parabronchi
from caudal air sacs to the cranial air sacs
from the cranial air sac to the outside world
parabronchi fill with air, rich in CO2
From the caudal air sacs to the parabronchi
90
How much more O2 can be carried by the whole blood than by the plasma?
20 times more
70 times more
50 times more
10 times more
70 times more
91
Which statement is not true relating to the O2-binding of myoglobin?
it displays simple saturation curve
it binds O2 in a reversible way
it binds O2 weaker than the hemoglobin does
it stores O2 in the muscle tissue
It binds O2 weaker than hemoglobin does
92
