Midterm 3 Respiration

Question 1

Which vessel provides the lung’s functional circulation?

a. pulmonalis
aa. bronchiales
vv. pulmonales
v. azygos.

Answer 1

A. pulmonalis

Question 2

Which artery supplies nutrients to the lung?

a. pulmonalis
aa. bronchiales
a. carotis communis
v. azygos

Answer 2

aa. bronchiales

Question 3

Which part of the lung circulation is influenced by gravitation the most?

ventral
medial
dorsal
the gravitation does not influence the circulation of the lung

Answer 3

Ventral

Question 4

How does hypoxia influence the lung circulation?

hypoxia does not influence the lung circulation

vasodilation occurs in poorly ventilated alveoli

vasoconstriction of well ventilated alveoli compensates for hypoxia

local vasoconstriction excludes poorly ventilated alveoli from perfusion

Answer 4

Local vasoconstriction excludes poorly ventilated alveoli from perfusion (constriction instead of vasodilation)

Question 5

In which manner does the parasympathetic innervation influence the pulmonary vessels?

dilation via vagal mediation

inhibition of acetylcholine release

alpha-recepror stimulation

beta-receptor inhibition

Answer 5

Dilation via vagal mediation

Question 6

How does the sympathetic innervation influence the pulmonary vessels?

the epinephrine inhibits dilation via beta- receptors

the sympathetic noradrenergic fibres inhibit alpha-receptors

the epinephrine dilates vessels via alpha-receptors

inhibition by sympathetic cholinergic fibres

Answer 6

The sympathetic noradrenergic fibres inhibit alpha-receptors (vasoconstriction)

Question 7

What is the effect of the increased pulmonary arterial blood pressure on the pressure in the lung circulation?

it increases
it does not influence
it decreases
it increases considerably

Answer 7

It decreases

Question 8

Which of the following functions is not typical of the nose cavity?

dissipation of heat
air conditioning
protection
creation of sound

Answer 8

Creation of sound

Question 9

What is the role of the larynx?

protection
creating sound
dissipation of heat
air conditioning

Answer 9

Creating sound

Question 10

What is the role of the pharynx?

protection
creating sound
dissipation of heat
air conditioning

Answer 10

Protection

Question 11

What is the role of the alveolus?

air conditioning
dissipation of heat
gas exchange
conduction of air

Answer 11

Gas exchange

Question 12

Where does the gas exchange occur?

in the windpipe
in the bronchus
in the bronchiolus
in the alveolus

Answer 12

In the alveolus

Question 13

How many major layers separate the air from the blood in the alveolus?

4
2
5
3

Answer 13

4

Question 14

What is the role of the T2 type pneumocytes?

gas exchange
surfactant production
barrier from the O2 and the CO2
it constitutes the skeleton of the alveolus

Answer 14

Surfactant production

Question 15

Which is that anatomical unit in large animals which is responsible for inspiration?

m. intercostales externi
stomach muscles
diaphragm
m. intercostales interni

Answer 15

Diaphragm

Question 16

In what kind of respiration do the abdominal muscles play a role?

normal expiration
normal inspiration
forced inspiration
forced expiration

Answer 16

Forced expiration

Question 17

What causes the process of expiration?

mainly the collapsing tendency of the lung issue

active muscle work

passive pressure from the abdominal cavity

the contracting of the active elements of the lungs

Answer 17

Mainly the collapsing tendency of the lung tissue

Question 18

What prevents the complete collapsing of the lungs?

the pressure relations in the lungs

the adhesion forces between the parietal and visceral plates of the pleura

ligaments of the lungs

the muscle elements of the lungs

Answer 18

The adhesion forces between the parietal and visceral plates of the pleura

Question 19

Which parts of the lungs are aired better?

the areas being in the vertex

the areas being under the vertebral coloumn

the diaphragmatic and the parietal parts of lungs

the medial parts of the lungs

Answer 19

The diaphragmatic and the parietal parts of the lungs (more easily dilated)

Question 20

What is the functional residual capacity?

the amount of air remaining in the lungs during apnea (pause)

the volume of air which can be inhalated in a forced way

that fraction which cannot be expirated even in a forced way

that quantity of air which remains in the lung after full compression

Answer 20

The amount of air remaining in the lungs during apnea (FRC)

Question 21

What is the inspiratory reserve volume?

the amount of air remaining in the lungs during apnea

the volume of air which can be inhaled in a forced way

that fraction which cannot be expired even in a forced way

that quantity of air which remains in the lung after full compression

Answer 21

The volume of air which can be inhaled in a forced way (after relaxed inspiration)

Question 22

What is the vital capacity?

the amount of air remaining in the lungs during apnea

Inspiratory reserve plus expiratory reserve plus
tidal volume

that fraction which cannot be expired even in a forced way

that quantity of air which remains in the lung after full compression

Answer 22

Inspiratory reserve plus expiratory reserve plus tidal volume (The maximal volume changes that can actively be attained)

Question 23

Which air fraction stabilizes the composition of the alveolar air?

the expiratory reserve volume

the minimal air

the inspiratory reserve volume

the functional residual volume

Answer 23

The functional residual volume (FRC is approx. 5-8 times bigger than the fresh air inhaled, therefore the FRC
stabilizes the composition of the alveolar air, the partial pressure of gases is close to constant
here: this ensures the normal gas exchange in the lung)

Question 24

Which is the formula on the basis of which the ventilation coefficient can be calculated?

(respiratory reserve - dead space) / functional residual volume + dead space

(respiration air + dead space) / functional rest air - dead space

(vital capacity - dead space) / minimal air + dead space

(tidal volume - dead space) / vital capacity - dead space

Answer 24

(respiratory reserve - dead space) / functional residual volume + dead space

Question 25

TLC

Answer 25

Total lung capacity | - the total maximal air volume of the lung

Question 26

VT

Answer 26

Volume tidal - respiratory air The quantity of air taken in and out during relaxed inspiration and expiration

Question 27

FRC

Answer 27

Functional residual capacity | - the total air quantity remaining in the lung during pause (apnea).

Question 28

IRV

Answer 28

Inspiratory reserve volume | - the volume of air that can forcibly be inhaled after relaxed inspiration

Question 29

ERV

Answer 29

Expiratory reserve volume | - the volume of air that can forcibly be exhaled after relaxed expiration

Question 30

RV

Answer 30

Residual volume - residual air. The fraction which cannot be eliminated from the lung even by forced expiration

Question 31

VC

Answer 31

Vital capacity. The maximal volume changes that can actively be attained.

Question 32

FVC

Answer 32

Forced vital capacity | VC = VT + IRV + ERV

Question 33

What is the physiological dead space? sites which are not covered by respiratory epithelium the sum of non- functioning spaces plus anatomical dead space the anatomical dead space is always larger than the physiological dead space the physiological dead space is smaller then the anatomical one if the ventilation improves

Answer 33

The sum of non-functioning spaces plus anatomical dead space

Question 34

What is true for panting? alkalosis can develop the slow central flow rate provides the suitable gas exchange parietal and axial air flow prevent alkalosis the fast parietal flow prevents alkalosis

Answer 34

Parietal and axial air flow prevents alkalosis

Question 35

What is the role of the panting? it secures the acid- base balance to ensure more efficient breathing getting rid of water heat dissipation

Answer 35

Heat dissipation

Question 36

What are the pressure relations during inspiration? the pressure in the lungs decreases under the atmospheric pressure because of the active work of inspiratory muscles the pressure in the lungs decreases under the atmospheric pressure because of the relaxing of inspiratory muscles the pressure in the lungs decreases under the intrapleural pressure the intrapleural pressure increases above the resting level

Answer 36

The pressure in the lungs decreases under the atmospheric pressure because of the active work of inspiratory muscles

Question 37

What are pressure relations during expiration? the intrapleural pressure decreases below its resting value the intrapulmonary pressure increases above the atmospheric level the intrapleural presure increases above the atmospheric level the intrapleural pressure decreases below resting level

Answer 37

The intrapulmonary pressure increases above the atmospheric level

Question 38

What is the essence of the Müllers experiment? the forced expiration - if the epiglottis is closed - increases the intrapulmonary and intrathoracic pressures it has physiological importance in the process of defecation the intrapulmonary and thoracic pressures decrease considerably during deep inspiration the expiration after the closing of the epiglottis decreases the intrapulmonary and intrathoracic pressure

Answer 38

The intrapulmonary and thoracic pressures decrease considerable during deep inspiration

Question 39

What is true for the Valsava experiment? the forced expiration - if the epiglottis is closed - increases the intrapulmonary and intrathoracic pressures it has physiological importance in the process of rumination the intrapulmonary and thoracic pressures decrease considerably during deep inspiration the expiration after the closing of the epiglottis decreases the intrapulmonary and intrathoracic pressure

Answer 39

The forced expiration - if the epiglottis is closed - increases the intrapulmonary and intrathoracic pressures (helps in rumination)

Question 40

Which component of respirational work is the most important? overcoming the surface tension of alveoli overcoming the frictional resistance overcoming the elastic resistance of the lung overcoming the viscous resistance of the chest

Answer 40

Overcoming the surface tension of alveoli

Question 41

What makes the alveolus collapse? intrapulmonary pressure surface tension surface tension of neighbouring alveolus surfactants

Answer 41

Surface tension

Question 42

What works against the collapse of the alveolus? surface tension elastic elements surface tension of nearby alveoli lack of surfactant

Answer 42

Surface tension of nearby alveoli

Question 43

What is the transmural pressure? the pressure between the two pleural plates the sum of forces that cause the lung to collapse the sum of forces that cause the lung to dilate it is the 2/3 of the transpulmonal pressure and keeps balance with the surface tension

Answer 43

It is the 2/3 of the transpulmonal pressure and keeps balance with the surface tension

Question 44

What is the result of the lack of DPPC? the small alveoli collapse the size of the large alveoli does not change all alveoli collapse the diameter of the alveoli increases

Answer 44

The small alveoli collapse

Question 45

DPPC

Answer 45

Dipalmytoil Phosphatidile Choline + Peptides A major constituent of many pulmonary surfactants

Question 46

How does the surface tension change during inspiration and expiration? the surface tension continuously increases during inspiration the surface tension continuously decreases during inspiration the surface tension decreases during expiration the surface tension does not change during the breathing cycle

Answer 46

The surface tension continuously decreases during inspiration

Question 47

Which parameter describes the effectiveness of breathing? ventilation perfusion ventilation coefficient the difference between ventilation and perfusion

Answer 47

Ventilation coefficient

Question 48

How many ml of oxygen dissolves in 1 liter of plasma at 37°C / 1 mmHg? 0.3 ml 0.03 ml 7 ml 0.7 ml

Answer 48

0.7 ml

Question 49

How many ml of carbon dioxide dissolves in 1 liter of plasma at 37°C / 1 mmHg? 0.3 ml 0.03 ml 7 ml 0.7 ml

Answer 49

0.03 ml

Question 50

Which of the following parameters do not influence the gas exchange? temperature and water vapour partial pressures the membrane permeability the size of exchanging surface

Answer 50

Temperature and water vapour

Question 51

What is true for the alveolar air? gas pressures in it equals the atmospheric gas pressures the value of pO2 and pCO2 is constant during ex- and inspiration its composition always changes its gas composition is a function of the gas composition of the alveolar capillary

Answer 51

The value of pO2 and pCO2 is constant

Question 52

How much time does it take for gases to exchange in the alveolus? 20 msec 600 msec 800 msec 200 msec

Answer 52

200 msec

Question 53

What is true for the gas exchange in tissues? increasing metabolism of a cell increases oxygen diffusion to this cell the partial pressure of CO2 does not influence the diffusion of CO2 the partial pressure of oxygen is higher intracellularly than the pCO2 in the venous capillary blood the pO2 is higher than the pCO2

Answer 53

Increasing metabolism of a cell increases oxygen diffusion to this cell

Question 54

What is true for oxygen transport? one Hb molecule can bind two oxygens the oxygen binding of Hb is reversible 1 liter blood can bind volume of 12% O2 the O2 affinity of the Hb does not change physiologically

Answer 54

The oxygen binding of Hb is reversible

Question 55

How does the oxygen saturation curve of the hemoglobin look like in respect to increasing pO2? it is linear it is a simple saturation curve it is sigmoid saturation curve it is hyperbolic

Answer 55

It is sigmoid saturation curve

Question 56

What is the arterio-venous oxygen difference? it is the measure of O2 saturation in arteriovenous anastomosis it increases in rest it is the difference of minimal O2 saturation and maximum venous saturation it is the difference between arterial blood maximum O2 saturation and venous blood minimum O2 saturation

Answer 56

It is the difference between arterial blood maximum O2 saturation and venous blood minimum O2 saturation

Question 57

What shifts the O2 saturation curve to the left? 2,3 DPG concentration decrease tissue pCO2 increase pH decrease in the tissues increase of tissue temperature

Answer 57

2,3 DPG concentration decrease

Question 58

At which pO2 is Hb half saturated? 40 mmHg 30 mmHg 95 mmHg 24 mmHg

Answer 58

30 mmHg

Question 59

How much of the carbon dioxide produced by tissues gets into the red blood cells? 70 % 20 % 90 % 100 %

Answer 59

90%

Question 60

How much carbon dioxide is transported in form of carbamino-hemoglobin? 70 % 1% 10 % 20 %

Answer 60

20%

Question 61

In which form is most of the carbon dioxide transported in the blood? bicarbonate anions carbamino-hemoglobin physically dissolved linked to plasma- proteins

Answer 61

Bicarbonate anions

Question 62

What speeds up bicarbonate formation in the red blood cells? high CO2 concentration the presence of deoxy-hemoglobin decreasing activity of carbonic anhydrase the potassium efflux from red blood cells

Answer 62

The presence of deoxy-hemoglobin

Question 63

What is true for the "Hamburger-shift"? the capnophorine transporter inhibits the exchange of bicarbonate to chloride the chloride follows water migration and the blood cell volume decreases the capnophorine transporter stimulates the exchange of bicarbonate to chloride it forms a buffer system

Answer 63

the capnophorine transporter stimulates the exchange of bicarbonate to chloride. Since potassium cannot cross the RBC membrane to establish electroneutrality. Cl goes out using the transporter.

Question 64

Where is the pCO2 the highest? in arterial blood in the alveolar air in the atmospheric air in the venous blood

Answer 64

In the venous blood

Question 65

What is the Haldane effect? the high pO2 stimulates the CO2 dissipation gradually the high pCO2 prevents the loss of O2 the dissociation curve of CO2 in lungs shifts to the right the rising pO2 increases CO2 binding to proteins

Answer 65

The high pO2 stimulates the CO2 dissipation gradually. | the high oxygen tension in the lung increasingly stimulates the release of carbon dioxide

Question 66

What is the effect of the pontine dissection? irregular cycles of expiration and inspiration deep prolonged inspirations expiration and inspiration stops normal respiratory cycle is maintained

Answer 66

Deep prolonged inspirations

Question 67

APC

Answer 67

Apneustic center | responsible for normal rhythm of respiration

Question 68

PNC

Answer 68

Pneumotaxic cente inspiration-inhibiting center (according to the latest hypothesis, it is also responsible for the regulation of the switch between inspiration and expiration)

Question 69

What is the function of the DRG (dorsal respiratory group)? it is a primary inspiratory center, inhibits the expiratory center it stimulates the inspiratory center indirectly it is a secondary expiratory center it inhibits the switching over of expiration to inspiration

Answer 69

It is a primary inspiratory center, inhibits the expiratory center

Question 70

What is the function of the VRG (ventral respiratory group)? it stimulates inspiration it is a secondary expiratory center inhibiting the inspiratory center it is responsible for the switching over from inspiration to expiration it is the a primary inspiratory center

Answer 70

It is a secondary expiratory center inhibiting the inspiratory center

Question 71

What is the Hering- Breuer reflex? a reflex that stimulates inspiration a reflex of the lung stimulating the apneustic center a reflex that starts in the lung and inhibits inspiration it is a reflex that stimulates the n. phrenicus

Answer 71

A reflex that starts in the lung and inhibits respiration Cutting the vagus: deep inspiration and then a sudden expiration (it is a mechanoreceptive reflex, activated by the dilation of lung): it is also called an inspiration inhibiting reflex

Question 72

How does respiration change during severe pain? respiration becomes irregular respiration becomes deeper frequency of respiration increases expiration stops temporarily

Answer 72

Expiration stops temporarily

Question 73

How is the efferentation of inspiration organized? facilitation of n. phrenicus stimulating of expiratory muscles inhibition of the diaphragm stimulating of innervation of musculi intercostales interni

Answer 73

Facilitation of n.phrenicus | inhibition of expiration

Question 74

How is the efferentation of expiration organized in resting conditions? facilitation of n. phrenicus efferentation is not needed stimulation of mm. intercostales externi inspiratory muscles are prevented actively

Answer 74

Efferentiation is not needed

Question 75

What kind of changes do the central receptors of the respiratory regulation register? pO2 in blood, liquor cerebrospinalis and H+ ions in the blood pO2 and H+ ions in the liquor pCO2 and concentration of H+ ions in the liquor and in the blood concentration of CO2 and H+ ions in blood

Answer 75

pCO2 and concentration of H+ ions in the liquor and in the blood

Question 76

Which centers are stimulated by the central gas receptors? expiratory center pneumotaxic center respiratory center of VRG respiratory center of DRG

Answer 76

Respiratory center of DRG

Question 77

How does the pCO2 in blood influence the activity of DRG? getting in the cerebrospinal fluid it causes decrease in the pH as well as the direct effect becomes operative via the indirect increase of the pH direct effect on DRG indirect effect on the DRG

Answer 77

Getting in the cerebrospinal fluid causes a decrease in the pH as well as the direct effect becomes operative

Question 78

What is the characteristic feature of peripheral gas sensors? they react to the change of pCO2 they are sensitive mainly to the change of pO2 they are found in sinus aorticus and arcus aortae it is sensitive solely to the change of pO2

Answer 78

They are sensitive mainly to the change of pO2

Question 79

What is dyspnea? respiratory pause asphyxia irregular respiration normal respiration

Answer 79

Irregular respiration

Question 80

What is apnea ? asphyxia irregular respiration normal respiration respiratory pause

Answer 80

Respiratory pause

Question 81

What is the Biot-respiration? approximately normal respiratory cycles are interrupted by longer apnea gasping inspiration deep and superficial respiration alternating occasionally with respiratory pause quick, superficial respiration

Answer 81

Approximately normal respiratory cycles are interrupted by longer apnea (Biot’s rhythm: mostly during encephalitis or meningitis the normal breathing cycles are interrupted by a long apnea)

Question 82

Which defensive reflex does the inhalation of toxic gases and vapours prevent? sneezing nociceptive apnea coughing diving reflex

Answer 82

Nociceptive apnea (Mechanism: sudden break in breathing (apnea). Same reaction may happen in intensive pain, or sudden cooling of back’s skin.)

Question 83

Which defensive reflex is produced by mechanical and chemical stimulation of the mucous membrane of the upper conducting airways? coughing diping reflex sneezing nociceptive apnea

Answer 83

Sneezing

Question 84

Which defensive reflex prevents choking? nociceptive apnea coughing sneezing combined swallowing apnea

Answer 84

Combined swallowing apnea

Question 85

Which defensive reflex is produced by the stimulation of tracheobronchial area? coughing sneezing nociceptive apnea diving reflex

Answer 85

Coughing

Question 86

BIRD Which part of the air sac contains fresh air? cranial group caudal group both the cranial and caudal groups none of the above

Answer 86

Caudal group

Question 87

BIRD How does the countercurrent exchange system work in the respiration of birds? blood and air flow side by side in one direction the way of blood and air are not parallel blood and air flow in the opposite directions in closely attached tubings blood and air are separated only by one cell layer

Answer 87

Blood and air flow in the opposite directions in closely attached tubings

Question 88

BIRD In what direction the fresh air flow during inspiration in birds? air gets from caudal air sacs to the parabronchi parabronchi fill with stale air air gets from cranial air sacs to parabronchi fresh air gets to caudal air sac and to the parabronchi

Answer 88

Fresh air gets to caudal air sac and to the parabronchi

Question 89

BIRD In what direction does fresh air flow during expiration in birds? from the caudal air sacs to the parabronchi from caudal air sacs to the cranial air sacs from the cranial air sac to the outside world parabronchi fill with air, rich in CO2

Answer 89

From the caudal air sacs to the parabronchi

Question 90

How much more O2 can be carried by the whole blood than by the plasma? 20 times more 70 times more 50 times more 10 times more

Answer 90

70 times more

Question 91

Which statement is not true relating to the O2-binding of myoglobin? it displays simple saturation curve it binds O2 in a reversible way it binds O2 weaker than the hemoglobin does it stores O2 in the muscle tissue

Answer 91

It binds O2 weaker than hemoglobin does

Question 92

What is true for the CO binding of the hemoglobin? it is independent of temperature it displays a sigmoid saturation curve the binding is reversible the binding is irreversible and of high affinity

Answer 92

The binding is irreversible and of high affinity