mini flashcards week 1-5

Question 1

1. What is the primary goal of psychology?
   A) To control human behaviour
   B) To focus solely on cognitive processes
   C) To study the body’s anatomy exclusively
   D) To explain, predict, and modify behaviour

Answer 1

Correct Answer: D

Question 2

Which option best captures the study of behaviour in sport psychology?
A) Analysing only physical performance
B) Ignoring environmental influences on performance
C) Examining observable behaviours and their effects on performance
D) Investigating hidden mental processes exclusively

Answer 2

Correct Answer: C

Question 3

A key role of a sport psychologist is to:
A) Manage team finances
B) Design sports equipment
C) Teach only technical skills
D) Enhance athletes’ mental skills and overall performance

Answer 3

Correct Answer: D

Question 4

Which career path is least associated with sport psychology?
A) Research and teaching
B) Clinical practice
C) Engineering design
D) Consulting on performance enhancement

Answer 4

Correct Answer: C

Question 5

Which statement best describes behaviourism?
A) A focus on internal mental processes
B) A method emphasizing unconscious desires
C) A perspective studying observable behaviours and their relationship to environmental events
D) An approach based solely on genetic factors

Answer 5

Correct Answer: C

Question 6

In behaviourism, learning is primarily determined by:
A) Reflecting on past internal thoughts
B) Unconscious emotional drives
C) Genetic predispositions alone
D) The interaction between observable behaviours and environmental stimuli

Answer 6

Correct Answer: D

Question 7

Associative learning refers to:
A) Learning solely by observing others
B) Learning by rote without associations
C) Learning that requires deep self-reflection
D) Learning through forming connections between specific events or stimuli

Answer 7

Correct Answer: D

Question 8

Classical conditioning involves:
A) Forming associations between two or more stimuli
B) Learning that links a behaviour with its consequence
C) Reinforcing behaviours with rewards
D) Eliminating behaviour through punishment

Answer 8

Correct Answer: A

Question 9

Which experiment is most famously associated with classical conditioning?
A) Bandura’s Bobo doll study
B) Watson’s Little Albert experiment
C) Pavlov’s dogs experiment
D) The Skinner Box study

Answer 9

Correct Answer: C

Question 10

Operant conditioning is best defined as learning that is based on:
A) The consequences of behaviour, such as reinforcement or punishment
B) The association of two stimuli
C) Passive observation without feedback
D) Inborn reflexes

Answer 10

Correct Answer: D

Question 11

An example of positive reinforcement is:
A) Criticizing an athlete for poor effort
B) Withholding rewards when a mistake occurs
C) Giving praise after a successful performance
D) Adding extra drills after an error to discourage behaviour

Answer 11

Correct Answer: C

Question 12

Positive punishment in a learning context might involve:
A) Adding extra drills after an error to discourage the behaviour
B) Withholding rewards when a mistake occurs
C) Giving praise after a successful performance
D) Criticizing an athlete for poor effort

Answer 12

Correct Answer: A

Question 13

In operant conditioning, “shaping” refers to:
A) Punishing all deviations from the target behaviour
B) Reinforcing only the final desired behaviour
C) Gradually reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behaviour
D) Ignoring behaviours until perfection is reached

Answer 13

Correct Answer: C

Question 14

Extinction in behaviour modification occurs when:
A) A behaviour is continuously rewarded
B) An athlete immediately stops training
C) A behaviour is punished every time
D) A behaviour no longer produces reinforcing consequences and gradually stops

Answer 14

Correct Answer: D

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of an extrinsic reward?
A) Enjoying the process of training
B) Feeling internal pride
C) Receiving a trophy or medal
D) A personal sense of achievement

Answer 15

Correct Answer: C

Question 16

How is motivation typically defined in sport psychology?
A) The strategy used by the coach
B) The number of hours spent training
C) The intensity and direction of an individual’s effort
D) The level of an athlete’s physical strength

Answer 16

Correct Answer: C

Question 17

In motivational terms, the “direction” of effort refers to:
A) The amount of energy invested
B) The total duration of practice
C) The specific type or quality of effort chosen
D) Whether an individual seeks out or avoids particular situations

Answer 17

Correct Answer: D

Question 18

The term “locus of causality” describes whether individuals attribute outcomes to:
A) Internal factors (like effort) or external factors (like luck)
B) Their genetic makeup
C) Their physical environment only
D) Random chance

Answer 18

Correct Answer: A

Question 19

For adaptive motivation, success is best attributed to:
A) Internal factors, such as personal effort
B) External factors such as chance
C) The actions of others
D) Uncontrollable events

Answer 19

Correct Answer: A

Question 20

To foster adaptive attributions, failures should be viewed as resulting from:
A) Purely random events
B) Only external, uncontrollable factors
C) A combination of internal, unstable factors and some external influences
D) Stable internal deficits

Answer 20

Correct Answer: C

Question 21

Self-serving bias is the tendency to:
A) Ignore outcomes altogether
B) Attribute successes to internal factors and failures to external factors
C) Equally distribute the causes of success and failure
D) Attribute successes to external factors and failures to internal flaws

Answer 21

Correct Answer: B

Question 22

Which of the following is an example of a social reinforcer?
A) Receiving a trophy or medal
B) A bonus payment
C) Praise or recognition from a coach
D) A rest day

Answer 22

Correct Answer: C

Question 23

One effective way to determine which rewards best motivate individuals is to:
A) Ask individuals about their personal preferences
B) Use the same reward for everyone
C) Avoid using any rewards
D) Rely solely on material rewards

Answer 23

Correct Answer: A

Question 24

Self-concept is defined as:
A) The beliefs and perceptions one holds about oneself
B) A measure of athletic ability
C) An unconscious drive toward success
D) An individual’s evaluation of their own worth

Answer 24

Correct Answer: A

Question 25

How does self-esteem differ from self-concept: A) Self-esteem is identical to self-concept B) Self-esteem is evaluative (judging one’s worth), while self-concept is descriptive (the beliefs about who one is) C) Self-esteem is a measure of athletic performance D) Self-esteem is descriptive, while self-concept is evaluative

Answer 25

Correct Answer: B

Question 26

In a sport context, self-confidence refers to: A) Overall team morale B) The belief that one can successfully perform a specific behaviour C) An athlete’s general mood D) The level of an athlete’s physical strength

Answer 26

Correct Answer: B

Question 27

Self-efficacy is best described as: A) A task-specific belief in one’s ability to succeed B) A fleeting feeling of hope C) Unrelated to previous experiences D) A global sense of self-worth

Answer 27

Correct Answer: A

Question 28

What is the relationship between self-confidence and self-esteem? A) Higher self-confidence generally contributes to higher self-esteem B) They are completely unrelated constructs C) High self-esteem always results in low self-confidence D) They are mutually exclusive

Answer 28

Correct Answer: A

Question 29

Which of the following is a primary source of self-efficacy? A) Inherited genetic traits B) External criticism C) Personal performance accomplishments D) Random chance

Answer 29

Correct Answer: C

Question 30

Vicarious experiences, as a source of self-efficacy, involve: A) Imagining oneself succeeding without any observation B) Observing someone similar successfully complete a task C) Direct feedback from a coach D) Experiencing failure repeatedly

Answer 30

Correct Answer: B

Question 31

Verbal persuasion can enhance self-efficacy by: A) Comparing athletes to unrelated individuals B) Providing negative feedback to motivate change C) Ignoring the athlete’s efforts D) Offering positive, encouraging statements

Answer 31

Correct Answer: D

Question 32

Efficacy expectation differs from outcome expectation in that efficacy expectation is about: A) Believing in one’s ability to produce a behaviour B) General feelings of self-worth C) Unrelated to performance results D) Believing that a behaviour will lead to a specific outcome

Answer 32

Correct Answer: A

Question 33

In sports, arousal is best described as: A) A measure of physical strength only B) A blend of physiological and psychological activation C) A state of complete calmness D) An emotional response without physical signs

Answer 33

Correct Answer: B

Question 34

Which of the following is a common physiological sign of increased arousal? A) Complete stillness B) Elevated heart rate accompanied by sweating C) A slower heart rate D) Reduced breathing rate

Answer 34

Correct Answer: B

Question 35

In a performance context, anxiety is characterized as: A) Unrelated to competitive situations B) A purely positive emotion C) A negative emotional state marked by nervousness and worry D) A sign of peak physical condition

Answer 35

Correct Answer: C

Question 36

State anxiety differs from trait anxiety in that state anxiety is: A) A temporary, situation-specific response B) Irrelevant to performance C) A permanent personality trait D) Unchanging over time

Answer 36

Correct Answer: A

Question 37

Which theoretical model suggests that performance is optimal at moderate levels of arousal? A) Multidimensional anxiety theory B) Drive theory C) Inverted-U hypothesis D) Reversal theory

Answer 37

Correct Answer: C

Question 38

The inverted-U hypothesis proposes that: A) Both very low and very high arousal levels lead to poorer performance B) Performance continuously improves with increasing arousal C) Arousal has no impact on performance outcomes D) Only low arousal negatively affects performance

Answer 38

Correct Answer: A

Question 39

How do individual differences affect the optimal level of anxiety for performance? A) Only elite athletes are affected by anxiety levels B) Optimal anxiety levels vary from person to person and may differ across tasks C) All individuals perform best at the same anxiety level D) Anxiety levels are irrelevant to performance differences

Answer 39

Correct Answer: B

Question 40

40. In the context of performance anxiety, “direction” refers to: A) Whether the anxiety facilitates (enhances) or inhibits (impairs) performance B) The overall amount of anxiety experienced C) The type of sport being performed D) The speed at which anxiety develops

Answer 40

Correct Answer: A