week 7 Flashcards
exam revision (15 cards)
What is social facilitation?
The presence of others helps performance on well-learned or simple tasks and inhibits performance on under-learned or complex tasks.
(Weinberg & Gould, 2015, p. 84)
Who conducted the first study on effects of competition on performance?
Norman Triplett conducted the first study in 1898 comparing cycling alone versus cycling in a group.
What did Zojanc (1966) contribute to social facilitation theory?
Zojanc used the ‘Drive’ theory to explain that the presence of an audience increases arousal, facilitating the dominant response for a specific skill or task.
What is the dominant response in well-learned tasks?
In well-learned or simple skills/tasks, the dominant response is ‘correct’, leading to facilitation of performance.
What is the dominant response in unlearned tasks?
In unlearned or complex tasks/skills, the dominant response is ‘incorrect’, leading to poorer performance.
What is Cottrell’s Evaluation Apprehension Theory?
The idea that being evaluated increases arousal in the presence of others, positively affecting competent individuals and negatively affecting those who feel incompetent.
What factors can impact performance in front of an audience?
Crowd size, crowd density, and intimacy can all impact performance.
What are the implications for practice regarding social facilitation?
Devote time to learning and mastery, eliminate audience evaluation during learning, note audience characteristics, and develop confidence strategies.
What is social loafing?
When an individual within a group or team puts forth less than 100% effort due to loss of motivation.
(Weinberg & Gould, 2015, p. 168)
What is the Ringelmann effect?
Individual performance decreases as the number of people in the group increases.
What are conditions for social loafing?
Conditions include inability to evaluate output, low task meaningfulness, low personal involvement, and comparison against group standards not possible.
What is perceived social loafing?
When individuals believe their teammates are not putting in effort, leading them to also reduce their own effort.
What are the implications for practice regarding social loafing?
Emphasize individual pride, increase identifiability, determine situations for social loafing, conduct individual meetings, and assign responsibilities.
What is the conclusion regarding audience effects on performance?
Audiences can facilitate or inhibit performance depending on learning stage, observer expertise, and crowd interaction.
What is the relationship between group size and performance?
More people in a group does not necessarily lead to improved performance.
