week 2 Flashcards
exam revision (27 cards)
What are the main aims of psychology?
Describe, Explain, Predict, Control/Shape behavior & mental processes
What roles can psychologists undertake?
Research, Teaching, Consultancy
What are the primary two types of sport psychologists?
Clinical & Educational
Who is considered the father of modern sport psychology?
Coleman Griffith
What was Coleman Griffith’s first book?
The psychology of coaching
What are the two main bodies for sport and exercise psychology Chartership in the UK?
BPS = British Psychological Society, BASES = British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences
What is behaviourism?
An empirically rigorous science focused on observable behaviours and NOT unobservable internal mental processes
How is behaviourism defined?
Behaviourism is a psychological perspective whose explanations about learning are based on the relationship between observable behaviours and environmental events rather than on internal processes.
(Watson 1913)
What is the basic principle of behaviourism?
Our behaviour is determined by the environment and the cues that we perceive within that environment.
What is associative learning?
When a subject links certain events, behaviours, or stimuli together in the process of conditioning
What is classical conditioning?
A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.
(Ivan Pavlov)
What is Little Albert in the context of classical conditioning?
The rat, originally a neutral stimulus, had become a conditioned stimulus, eliciting an emotional response similar to the distress originally given by the loud banging noise.
(John B Watson)
What is stimulus generalisation?
The tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned.
What is operant conditioning?
A type of learning in which behaviour is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment.
(B F Skinner)
What is positive reinforcement?
A positive reinforcer is a stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
What is negative reinforcement?
A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.
What is positive punishment?
Presenting a negative consequence after an undesired behaviour is exhibited to decrease that behaviour.
What is negative punishment?
Removing a desired item/event after an undesired behaviour is exhibited to decrease that behaviour.
What is shaping in operant conditioning?
An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behaviour towards closer and closer approximations of the desired behaviour.
What is extinction in operant conditioning?
When the operant behaviour that has previously been reinforced no longer produces reinforcing consequences, the behaviour gradually stops occurring.
What is the best approach to reinforcement?
A positive approach is designed to strengthen desired behaviours by motivating participants to perform those behaviours by rewarding them when those behaviours occur.
What are effective types of reinforcers?
Social reinforcers: praise, smile, pat on the back; Material reinforcers: trophies, medals; Activity reinforcers: playing a game; Special outings: team party.
What should be rewarded in a sports context?
Emotional and social skills, Effort, Performance not just outcome, Successful approximations.
What are the teaching/coaching implications of reinforcement?
Reward consistently with clear link to behaviour, Select and emphasise target behaviours, Ignore irrelevant/undesirable behaviours.
