misc week 1 to respiratory Flashcards by RICHARD TREAT

Nucleus - contains DNA and is where

cell repair takes place

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A couple Cellular functions

movement

conductivity

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Acidosis triggers receptors in the aorta and carotid to

stimulate the brain to release catecholamines (epi and norepinephrine) to start the flight or fight response

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the building material of cell membrane and myelin sheaths

Cholesterol

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Albumin is the most important plasma protein. ___ are the other two plasma proteins.

Fibrinogen and globulin

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Albumin is the most important plasma protein. Fibrinogen and globulin are the other two plasma proteins. They’re made in

the liver.

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Edema is when fluid goes to

interstitial spaces

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Hypertonic - pulls fluid

toward it (into the vascular system) because its gritty

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Hypotonic- pushes fluid

away (into the tissue) because it’s diluted

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O2 is carried around the body in

hemoglobin

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Exercise promotes the movement of glucose into the cells, you need less

insulin

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Ischemia-

decreased oxygen to the tissues

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Anoxia

is NO oxygen to the tissues

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Emia means

blood

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Hypoxemia

low O2 in the blood

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Hypoxia

low O2 in the tissue

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thrombosis

formation of a blood clot, known as a thrombus, within a blood vessel (it’s a type of embolism)

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embolism

is the lodging of an embolus, a blockage-causing piece of material, inside a blood vessel. The embolus may be a blood clot (thrombus), a fat globule (fat embolism), a bubble of air or other gas (gas embolism), or foreign material.

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Fluid overload is a __ osmolarity

low

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The lymphatic system is the vacuum cleaner of the

interstitial spaces

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The ___ in the hypothalamus will sense that you are dehydrated or fluid overloaded

Oslo receptors

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The Oslo receptors in the ____ will sense that you are dehydrated or fluid overloaded

hypothalamus

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The Oslo receptors in the hypothalamus will sense that you are

dehydrated or fluid overloaded

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The Oslo receptors in the hypothalamus will sense that you are dehydrated or fluid overloaded. In other words they sense

osmolarity

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The Oslo receptors in the hypothalamus will sense that you are dehydrated or fluid overloaded. In other words they sense osmolarity. They send a message to the ___. Antidiarrhetic hormone is secreted, it targets the kidney and makes the kidney hold on to more fluids.

neurohypophysis

The Oslo receptors in the hypothalamus will sense that you are dehydrated or fluid overloaded. In other words they sense osmolarity. They send a message to the neurohypophysis. Then,

Antidiarrhetic hormone is secreted, it targets the kidney and makes the kidney hold on to more fluids.

Sodium is regulated by ____ which is made in the adrenal cortex. the target organ is the kidneys.

aldosterone

Sodium is regulated by aldosterone which is made in the ___. the target organ is the kidneys.

adrenal cortex

Sodium is regulated by aldosterone which is made in the adrenal cortex. the target organ is

the kidneys

Repolarization is when

sodium goes back out and K goes back in

Electrolyte: urinating decreases

Electrolyte: If you’re dehydrated you also have low

If K is too high acutely

you could go into asystole but its rare and only if it rises very fast

If they’re in renal failure and K gradually went above normal levels,

that’s not an emergency.

EMERGENCY TREATMENT for hyperkalemia -

insulin and glucose (because when insulin takes glucose into the cell it takes K with it. So you’re not removing from the body but youre hiding it form the heart. This gives k exilate time to work)

chvosteks sign and trousseaus sign

Earlier sign of hypocalcemia

ADH targets the ____ to hold onto more water

kidneys

If you are too acid or hyperthermic the bond between oxygen and hemoglobin

weakens (can’t pick up enough O2 at the lungs)

If the bond between oxygen and hemoglobin weakens (can’t pick up enough O2 at the lungs) then you are too

you are too acid or hyperthermic

If youre too alkaline it ___ the bond between oxygen and hemoglobin and ____

tightens, you can’t drop off O2 to the tissues.

If youre too ____ it tightens the bond between oxygen and hemoglobin and you can’t drop off O2 to the tissues.

alkaline

immunity: 1st line

physical and mechanical barriers. Bacteria in your body.

immunity: 2nd line of defense

inflammatory response. Anything the cell perceives as “not me” triggers the response.

Complement system-

agents that are released that can either destroy agents directly or activate other things.

Kinin system- think of

bradykinin. Vasodilation and ____?

element needed for clotting

calcium

Mast cells. 4 facts

Type of WBC. Activated with injury. They release histamine and bradykinin. They are throughout the body.

Mast cells are a type of

WBC

Mast cells release

histamine and bradykinin

Mast cells are found

all over the body

Histamine Immediately causes

constriction of vessels, then dilation

Prostaglandins are mediators for

pain

platelets are made in

the bone marrow unlike other things that are made in the liver

Cytokines are ____ mediators

anti-inflammatory

the 2 most common cytokines are

interferon and interleukins

Inflammation involves vaso___

dilation

Antibodies are the same thing as

imunoglobulins

T cells (made in the thymus) B cells (made in bone marrow) have to do with type of disease?

no specific disease

An antigen is

anything your body sees as “not me” (even if it is in fact your own cell, as in multiple sclerosis)

___ are looked at to tell if someone has adequate immunity.

T-cells

Clonal diversity vs clonal selection

Clonal diversity is the generic part | Clonal selection is when we get antibodies

Type 1 - massive amount of

third spacing. Look like they’re fluid overloaded but actually they don’t have fluid in the vascular system. What kills you is the airway closes because of laryngeal edema.

Opportunistic microorganisms, examples C Dif. The process of infection starts with

colonization.

Opportunistic microorganisms, examples C Dif. The process of infection starts with colonization. Colonized means

you’re not infection but youre carrying it and can spread it.

The most common way that infection spreads through the body is

through the blood and lymph, but there are other ways too

Even if an old person has an infection, you might not find they have

a fever

between gram neg and gram pos,

neg is worse

endotoxin is a product from gram

neg

Bacteremia vs septicemia

Bacteremia just means bacteria in the blood, not necessarily a terrible situation. But septicemia is an overwhelming bad thing, its more common in gram neg

Viruses are the most dangerous because

they can hide from the immune system by hiding in a cell

the 2 kinds of viral vaccines

attenuated and also inactivated

MMR, varicella, polio are which type of vac

attenuated

Know: osmoreceptors, baroreceptors, chemoreptors- what do they do Baroreceptors send message Osmoreceptors send message to the pituitary Brainstem responds to Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors are located in arch of aorta and __ and respond to abnormalities , send message to brainstem, need help with this part…

goals of inflammation

prevent spread of infection and promote healing