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USMLE HY notes > mnemonic > Flashcards

mnemonic Flashcards

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1
Q

Retroperiotneal organs

SAD PUCKER

A

S- Supra-renal (adrneal)
A- aorta + IVC
D- duadenum (2+3 parts)

P- pancreas (excp. tail)
U- ureters
C- colon (Ascd + dsc)
K-kidney
E-esophagus
R- rectum

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2
Q

M S 2 PROBLEMS are VAUGE

What are the organs create from the 1st pouch

A

all the organs start with M:
1. Muscle of mastication
2. meckl’s cartilage
3. meatus
4. middle ear
5. mastoid air cells
6. maxillary artery
7. mylohyoid
8. trigiMinal nerve (v3)

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3
Q

M S 2 PROBLEMS are VAUGE

What are the organs create from the 2st pouch

A

all the stuff start with S:
1. Stepedial artery
2. Seventh cranial nerve (smile)
3. Stapes
4. Staloid
5. Staylohyoid
6. Stapedius

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4
Q

M S 2 PROBLEMS are VAUGE

What are the organs create from the 3st pouch

A

all the organs start with P + problems
1. glossoPharyngeal nerve
2. stylo-Pharyngeal
3. Para-thyroid glands
4. Internal carotid + common carotid = Problem if severe

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5
Q

M S 2 PROBLEMS are VAUGE

What are the organs create from the 3st pouch

A

all the organs related to VAGUS nerve:

  1. Pulmonary artereis + ductus
  2. Right subclavian + Arch of aorta
  3. Superior laryngeal nerve
  4. Reccurent laryngeal nerve
  5. Thyroid cartilage
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6
Q

CLEAN the surface with SOAP

What are the dervities of Ectoderm&raquo_space; Surface Ectoderm

A

C- canal (anal)
L- lens
E- epithlium
A- adenohypohysis
N- nipple

S-sweat glands
O-olfactory epithlium
A- auditory organs
P- parotid gland

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7
Q

a tube of NASPOREN

What are the dervities of Ectoderm&raquo_space; Neural Tube

A

N-neural tube
A-astrocytes
S-spinal cord
P-pineal gland
O-oligodandrocytes
R-retina
E-epyndemeal cells
N-nuerohypoysis

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8
Q

SPAMS MOTEL w/crest toothpaste

What are the dervities of Ectoderm&raquo_space; Neural crest

A

S-scwannomal cells
P-PNS
A-adrenal medulla
M-myetrtinc plexus
S- spiral membrane

M-melanocytes
O-odontoblast
T-thyroid C-cells
E- Endocardial cusshing
L- laryngeal cartilage

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9
Q

AG metabolic acidosis

MUDPILES

A

M- methanol
U-uremia
D-DKA
P-paraladhyde
I-iron
L- lactic acidosis
E- ethylene
S- salicylates (aspirin)

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10
Q

mnemonic

MEN 1
MEN 2a
MEN 2b

A

MEN 1- PPP
Pancreas
Pituatary
Para-thyorid

MEN2A- PPM
Para-Thyroid
Phecromocytoma
Medullary Thyroid carcinoma

MEN2B PMM
Pheochromocytoma
Medullary thyroid carcinoma
Marfan body hebitus

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11
Q

Song of Autosomal dominant

A

VON, VON ALS RB MEN
Tubrous, sphyros , huntington , Marfan Elhor Dan’s
NF 1 and 2 done be so FAP
Autosomal dominant, yes this song is clutch

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12
Q

Which medication induce P450?

A

CRAP GPS induce my range
C- Carbamazapine
R- rifampencin
A- alcohol (chronic use )
P-pehyntoin

G-griseofulvin
P-phenobarbital
S-sulfnylurea, St.jhon warts

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13
Q

medicaton&raquo_space; subtype of Cyp450

Cyp- 1A2

A

AcetoAminophen

1 word , 2A= 1A2

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14
Q

medicaton&raquo_space; subtype of Cyp450
2E1

A

Ethanol (alchohol)
you need to be 21 to drink Ethanol
2E1

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15
Q

medicaton&raquo_space; subtype of Cyp450

2C9

A

Warfarin/ Comidin

inhibit factors: 2,7,9,10,C,S
2C9

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16
Q

medicaton&raquo_space; subtype of Cyp450
2D6

A

Cardiovascular drugs
heart echo is D2 echo

therefore 2D6

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17
Q

Murmur type - sys or diastolic and pattern

AR, AS, MS, MR

A

“(h)ARD fall, ASS bump, MSD (missed) u, MRS thru”

ARD = Aortic Regurg, Diastolic; fall = decrescendo \

ASS = Aortic Stenosis, Systolic; bump = crescendo-decrescendo / \

MSD = Mitral Stenosis, Diastolic; u = decrescendo-crescendo _/

MRS = Mitral Regurg, Systolic; thru = holo-systolic —

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18
Q

What te different between BZD to barbituates on the influence on Chloride ion channels

A

BZD- increase frequency of Cl chennel opening
Barbiturates- Increase duration of Cl channel opening

Ben wants it happen more often (frequency)
but Barb wants it to last longer (duration)

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19
Q

What is the function of IL-1 to 6

A

HOT T-BONE stEAK
IL-1 = hot = fever
IL-2 = T -cells
IL-3 = BONE = BM
IL-4 = E = IgE
IL5 = A = IgA
IL6= K= aKute phase protein

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20
Q

What is the function of IL-7,8,10,12

A

IL-7 = lucky number = cells in BM are differeinting (like casino)
IL-8 =Chemotaxis&raquo_space; neutrophil swimming in 8 shape
IL-10- anti-inflammatory
IL-12 - T0 to T1, Activate NK cells

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21
Q

Which cytokeins secreted by TH1 and TH2

A

TH1- IL-2,3 INF-y (for CD8)
Th2- IL-4,5,6

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22
Q

What causes the subtituation of Glutemic Acid to Valine in Hbs

A

Hysrophobic pocket&raquo_space; ineraction among Hb moleculs&raquo_space; polymerization and sickling

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23
Q

Which are the nephritic syndromes?

A

PSGN
RPGN
MPGN
all have P in there names
+
the 2 A’s = Alport syndrome and IgA nephropathy

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24
Q

HTN in pregnancy:
mnenonic?

A

HTN mom loves Nifedipind:
* Hydralazine
* Methyldopa
* Labetalol
* Nifedipine

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25
Pt need NSAIDS but has gastric ulcers Tx?
Celecoxib (cox-2 inhibitor - selective)
26
Pt on heparin w/induce Thrombocytopenia what to do
stop heparin >> Direct thrombin inhibitor (Agetroban)
27
Pt need furosemide but has sulfa allergy
Ethancrynic acid (still loop diuretics)
28
What are the 2 HY drugs that ceause gnycomastia?
Spironolactone >> switch to eleprenone Ketoconazole
29
Which Diuretics cause hypo and hyper calcemia?
Loop lose= loop= hypocalcemia Hyper- Thiazide
30
Which medication cause ototoxicity?
Aminoglycoside- Amin NO- N for nephrotoxoty, O- otoxicity Loops Cisplatin ASA
31
Which medicaiton cause nephrotoxicity?
Aminoglycoside amphotericin B
32
Which medication can cause Dilated cardiomyopathy and what the Tx
Doxorubicin / Danorubicin Tx with Dexrazoxane
33
Which medication cause drug induce lupus and what Ab we will see
**Anti Histone Ab** **Hey,Im pretty much Quitting** Medications: **H**ydralazine **I**soniazid **P**rocinamide **M**ethyldopa **Q**uinidine
34
What are the microcytic anemia?
TAILES: * Talassemia * Anemia of chronic disease * Iron Def. * Lead * Sideroblastic anemia
35
Which pathogens can cause Endocarditis?
HACEK group: Hemophilus spp. Aggregatibacter Cardiobacterium Eikenella corodens Kingella spp. + **HAVE ABC** Ha-hacek V-viridans (stre. epidyrmis) E- enterococcus spp. A-Aerus B- strep.bovis (galacticus) C- coxiella burneti
36
What is the Pathophysiology and gene in Stugr Weber syndrome
GNAQ mutation >> cappilary webs are unstable **Weber = Web = capillary web **
37
Tuberous sclerosis Genes, proteins, chromosome
TBS1 >> chromosome 9 >> Hemartin TBS2 >> Chromosome 16 >> Tuberin knock out = neoplasms Tuberous = 8 letters. 8+1 = 9 8*2 = 16
38
Tuberous sclerosis tumors
Renal angiomyolipoma Cardiac Rhabdomyoma both have Myo = muscle = If you want to play the Tube you need a lot of muscle
39
NF1: Gene, protein and patho, and presentation
Gene- NF1 (easy) Chromosome: 17 (take 1 and the F ) Protein -TSG >> Neurofibromin (like the name of disease) active RAS pathway. Presentation: I will have 1 coffe, this is Cute and de-LISCH- ous. Make me feel OPTIC-mistic 1. Caffe ole 2. Cutaneous fibromas 3. Lisch nodulea (iris hemartomas) 4. OPTIC gliomas can cause also: Phochromocytoma, wilms tumor, axillary pigmentation
40
NF2: Gene, protein presenation, chromosome
Gene: NF2 Chromosome 22 (easy) Protein- Merlin- which inhibit cell singaling presenations: Bi lateral things- like 2 = bi Bi-lateral acoustic Swhannoma CN V, VII, VIII Bi leteral Juv. Cataract NF **II**= Cerebe **II** opontine angle
41
Which Drug inhibit Squelene Epoxidase
Terbinafine לזכור: טורבינה כזאת כמו בעיבוד קמח בשוויץ עם צורת X שהיא קוראת בחוץ Epxodiase
42
Which enzyme inhibit 14-a demathylase? fungal pathway
Azoles family The Azzholes prevent ergostholes
43
Which medications directy interfer with the Ergosterol membrane of the fungal
Amph B Nystatin Ampho-TEAR -icin a hole inthe plasma membrane
44
Which family of anti-fungal inhibit the cell wall formation and by which enzyme
Echinocadrin Inhibit Beta glucan synthase for the cell wall. E-KINDA- CAN-DO wall synthesis all family member ends with Fungin (you will hit the wall if you have fun with gin (Fungin) )
45
Which anti-fungal inhibit DNA
Flucytosine inhibit- 5 (Five) Uracil .... the name gives it mechanism Flu like nuc (nucleus)
46
What is the MOA of Griseofluvine
Inhibit microtubule in fungal cells (inhibit mitosis, etc..) Gris like Grass = Lets make some tubule of Grass
47
What is 3 importent side affect of Amp B
1. Amphelabitis 2. am-phph-ph-ph- teracin (fever and shaking from chills) 3.Am-FLOW-teracin - nephrotoxity (permeability and flow in the nephron)
48
What are the **Rapid acting** insulin and what is the peak time and duration?
Lispro Aspart Glulisive remember: ** Rapid insulin do not LAG** peak- 1-1.5 duration 3-4 hrs
49
What are the **Short acting** insulin and what is the peak time and duration?
**Regular** Regular and Short peak: 2.5 duraration: 4-6
50
What are the **Intermediate** insulin and what is the peak time and duration?
NPH Remember: Intermediate is **N**ot **P**articular **H**astey peak: 8 hrs Duration : 10-16
51
What are the **Long acting** insulin and what is the peak time and duration?
Glargine Determir No peak 24h **G**od **Da**mn 24h is a long time
52
For RA SA intermediate La in insulin wha is the peak and duration of each one:
RA- 1-1.5, 3-4 (strat from 1-1.5 >> 1.5X2 = 3 -4) SA- 2-2.5 (start from 2 (S like 2) >> 2.5X2 = 5 ~ 4-6 Intermediate - remember 8 ( peak) and double it for duration 16 (also 10) LA- every day ends after 24h
53
Which diabetis medication * inhibit gluconeogensis * increase glycolysis * increase peripheral glucose uptake and what are its adverse effect?
METFORMIN Adverse afect: **Lactic acidosis** B12 Def. GI upset **MET**abolic acidosis (lactic)
54
Which Diabetic medication increse realse of insulin what is the adverse affect? | and what the MOA
**2 medications** Sulfanyl-Urea >> blocking the K chennels on beta cells in pancreas = de-polarization Meglitidies - same is sulfnuyl just at a different binding site adverse affect: Hypoglycemia for both S.U- Disulfiram like reaction **Remember- all this medications ends with IDE** **mega (meglitidies)- then you add LinIDE**
55
Which DM family medication: Glimepride glipizide glyburide
Sulfnyl urea **IDE take Sulfanyl urea**
56
Which DM family is ending with **Liptine**? what the MOA and adverese effect
DDP-4 inhibitor **Lipton tea make you PP 4 more times** MOA: inhibit DDP4 >> elevate levels of GLP-1 adverse: UTI, Respiratory infections
57
Which DM family is with Tide ends? | and what the adverse effect?
**GLP-1 agonist** **GLaoP Tide Tablets**- האנשים המטומטמים שבעלו טבליות של מנקה כביסה Adverse : Pancreatitis
58
Which DM medicaiton ends with **Flozin** wha the MOA what adverse effect
SGLT-2 MOA: inhibit NA-glucose co-transporter 2 in PCT Adverse: Glucosiurea >> UTI, vaginal yeast infections hyperkalemia Dehydration **FlOZ INto the urine**
59
Which DM family medication are these drugs: Acarbose Miglitol what the MOA and adverse effect
**alpha- glucosidase inhibitor** MOA: prevent interstital brush border enzyme to break oligosaccharids into glucose. adverse: GI upset, Gas, Bloating **A-CARB = inhibit carbs**
60
Which calss medication end with Glitazone what the MOA what the adverse effect
Thiozolidinediones (longest name ever) MOA: binds to PPAR-gamma nuclear factor >> increase insulin sensetivity Adverse: HF + increase Fracture risk **Gliter zone in the PPAR-tyyyyy** >> your heat is tired of dancing = HF and you can break a bone while dancing (increse risk fracture )
61
Hurler symptoms presenation
**HURLER* H- hepatosplenomegaly U- unuseal face features R-ressecive (X-linekd) L- (alpha) L-idudorindase def. E- eyee clouded R- retardation S-short stubby fingers remember: in hurler there is HER >> Alpha-L-IDurinidaSE = ALIDSE >> LADIES death < 10 yrs
62
Chronic Giardiass can be cause by:
IgA def. Giardiass >> GIA >> IgA
63
Which murmur have Opening snap after S2
Mitral stenosis OS >> opening snap Si2 >> s2
64
Which AA is most abundace in Glycogen
Glycine >> Gly and Glycogen
65
superficial LN drainge: Lesions in the medial foot will go trough which LN system and Lateral lesions?
Medial- to superMedial nodes + Supralateral nodes >> Think also the M and also Super MAN = medial = supra LN Lateral- popliteal and inguinal nodes >>Lateral to the popcical theres the inguinal node.
66
What does it mean when there's a Ronchi? (on pulmonary examination)
Rhon Weezley = Wheezing Rales in the Tails and Rhonci in the Bronchi (rales = crackles)
67
Low fremitus vs high fremitus resons
Low fremitus- Lung with lots of air High fremitus- lung with dense area (solid >> liquid >> air) In atelectasis or pleural infusion, pneumothorax >> lung is insolated = diminish fremitus
68
AML mnemonic
A- Aure Rodes M- myeloperoxidase + L- leukemia
69
What are thr 5p of lichen planus
Pruritic Purple/pink Polygonal papules plaques
70
Aortic arch vascular derivative? 1-6
A- Ascending aorta B- brachiocephalic (right) C- Common carotid (left) S- subclavian (left) 1st arch- Maxillary artery (1 = max) 2nd arch- Stapedial artery (Second = S) 3rd arch- Common carotid ( C= 3rd letter in ABC) 4th arch- aortic arch (left) + Right subclevian (right ) = pump to systemic body = 4 limbs for 4 arch 6 arch- pulmonary artery + ductus arteriosus
71
What is the muscarinic effect of Cholinergic toxicity?
DUMBLES Diarrhea/diaporhesis Urination Miosis Bronchospasm, Bradycardia Emesis Lacrimination Salivation
72
Where the common carotid bifrocate?
C4: BiFourcates at C4 (internal and external carotid)

USMLE HY notes (34 decks)

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