inhibition of COX-2 near the site of application
diclofenac
less effective but safer than NSAIDs
acetaminophen
reserved for those who fail 1st line agents because opioids lack evidence for use w/ chronic pain
tramadol
hydrocodone-APAP or oxycodone-APAP with risk of abuse
opioid analgesics
dual reuptake inhibitor of both serotonin and NE leading to a possible lowered pain threshold
duloxitine
deplete substance P
capsaicin, topical