Mod 2: Lecture 2 - Axilla and Brachial Plexus Flashcards
(30 cards)
1
Q
Boundaries of Axilla
A
- Anterior: pectoralis major and minor
- Posterior: scapula, latissimus dorsi, teres major
- Medial: ribs 1-4 and intercostal spaces
- Lateral: intertubercular groove of the humerus
- Base: skin and fascia of arm
- Apex: convergence of clavicle, scapula, and rib 1
2
Q
Contents of Axilla
A
- Axillary Artery
- Axillary Vein
- Lymphatics
- Brachial Plexus
3
Q
Where does the axillary artery come from?
A
- Aorta –> Brachial Trunk (BT)/ Brachiocephalic Artery –> Right Subclavian Artery + Right Common Carotid
- —- Right Subclavian –> Right Axillary artery
- Aorta —> Left Subclavian + Left Common Carotid
- — Left Subclavian –> Left Axillary Artery
- once the subclavian artery gets to the axilla, it changes names to the axillary artery
4
Q
Axillary Artery Location
A
- continuous with the subclavian artery
- — same vessel, gets a new name
- begins at the lateral border of the 1st rib and ends at the inferior border of the teres major
- — at the inferior border of the teres major, the axillary artery is continuous with the brachial artery (same vessel, new name)
5
Q
Part 1 of the axillary artery
A
- parts are named in relation to the pectoralis minor muscle
- located between the lateral border of the 1st rib and the medial border of the pectoralis minor
- Branches - Axillary I: superior thoracic artery
6
Q
Part 2 of the Axillary Artery
A
- lies posterior to pectoralis minor
- — deep to the muscle, underneath it
- Branches - Axillary II:
- — thoracoacromial trunk
- — lateral thoracic arteries
7
Q
Part 3 of the Axillary Artery
A
- Part 3: extends from the lateral border of the pectoralis minor to the inferior border of the teres major
- — emerges from underneath the pectoralis minor and goes to the lower limit of the axilla
- Branches - Axillary III:
- — subscapular artery
- — anterior humeral circumflex
- — posterior humeral circumflex
8
Q
Axillary Vein
A
- named from distal to proximal
- — following the flow of blood back to the heart
- — direction and naming is the opposite for veins and arteries
- formed at the inferior border of the teres major muscle
- — by the union of the brachial veins and the basilic vein
- ends when it joins the subclavian vein
9
Q
Lymph Nodes
A
- part of the immune system
- —body sends lymphatic fluid to the lymph nodes to decide if we need to develop to the pathogen
- 5 main groups of axillary lymph nodes
- — pectoral
- — subscapular
- — humeral
- — central
- — apical
10
Q
Pectoral Lymph Nodes
A
- anterior
- mainly receive lymph from the anterior thoracic wall
- including most of the breast
11
Q
Subscapular Lymph Nodes
A
- posterior
- receive lymph from the posterior aspect of the thoracic wall and scapular region
12
Q
Humeral Lymph Nodes
A
- receive nearly all the lymph from the upper limb
13
Q
Central Group of Lymph Nodes
A
- located along the 2nd part of the axillary artery
- receives lymph from the pectoral, subscapular, and humeral nodes
14
Q
Apical Lymph Nodes
A
- vessels from the central nodes pass to the apical nodes
- located along the fist part of the axillary artery
- drain into the supraclavicular nodes
- — surpraclavicular nodes –> subclavian lymphatic trunk –> venous system
15
Q
Spinal Nerve Plexuses
A
- Cervical: C1 - C4
- Brachial: C5 - T1
- — in the axilla
- Lumbar: L1 - L4
- Sacral: L4 - S4
16
Q
Brachial Plexus
A
- Formed by the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1
- — those nerves are made of posterior roots (sensory) and anterior roots (motor)
- — so the brachial plexus is mixed (both motor and sensory)
- —- the rami all twist together to form one brachial plexus
- Brachial Plexus breaks up into a bunch of nerves that travel throughout the arm
- — innervation of entire upper extremity is derived from brachial plexus
- — individual arm nerves are carrying fibers from several spinal cord levels because the brachial plexus is formed from many rami
17
Q
Brachial Plexus: Branching Pattern
A
- Roots –> Trunks –> Divisions –> Cords –> Branches (Terminal)
- “Randy Travis Drinks Cold Beer”
18
Q
Brachial Plexus: Branching Pattern
- Roots
- Trunks
A
- from spinal nerves
- — are the ventral rami
- — so we start with 5 roots bc we have 5 ventral rami
- from spinal nerves
- (+) = add nerves together
- combination of roots
- 3 trunks
- — superior (C5 + C6)
- — middle (C7)
- — inferior (C8 + T1)
19
Q
Brachial Plexus: Branching Pattern
- Divisions
- Cords
A
- (-) = divide nerves apart
- each trunk divides into anterior and posterior divisions
- so there are 6 divisions
- — 3 trunks, each splits in 2 - (+) = add nerves together
- formed by combinations of divisions
- 3 cords form from 6 divisions
- Medial, Lateral, Posterior
- — terms refer to the nerves position relative the axillary artery
- —- Posterior: from the posterior divisions of the three trunks
- — Lateral: from the anterior divisions of the superior and middle trunks
- — Medial: from the anterior division of the inferior trunk
20
Q
Brachial Plexus: Branching Pattern
5. Terminal Branches
A
- (-) = divide nerves apart
- two nerves from each cord, but two combine
- —- 5 nerves total
- Lateral Cord —> Musculocutaneous nerve + 1/2 of the Median Nerve
- Posterior Cord —> Axillary Nerve and Radial Nerve
- Medial Cord —> 1/2 of the Median Nerve + Ulnar Nerve
21
Q
Brachial Plexus in Relation to the Clavicle
A
- Part is above the clavicle
- — in the neck region
- — supraclavicular part of the brachial plexus
- Runs under the clavicle
- Part is below the clavicle
- — in the armpit
- — infraclavicular part
22
Q
Supraclavicular Branches of the Brachial Plexus
A
- additional branches
- — come off of roots or trunks
- Dorsal Scapular Nerve (C5)
- Long Thoracic Nerve (C5-C7)
- — goes down throughout the chest
- Suprascapular Nerve (C5-6)
- Nerve to the Subclavius (C5-6)
23
Q
Infraclavicular Branches of the Brachial Plexus
A
- additional branches
- — come off of cords
- Lateral Cord –> lateral pectoral Nerve
- Medial Cord –> medial pectoral, medial brachial cutaneous, medial antebrachial cutaneous
- — the cutaneous nerves are the only sensory nerves in the brachial plexus
- Posterior Cord –> upper subscapular, lower subscapular, thoracodorsal
24
Q
Nerves and Corresponding Muscles: Supraclavicular
- Long Thoracic Nerve
- Dorsal Scapular Nerve
- Suprascapular Nerve
- Nerve to the Subclavius
A
- serratus anterior muscle
- rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, levator scapularis
- supraspinatus, infraspinatus
- subclavius
25
Terminal Branches and Corresponding Muscles
1. Axillary
2. Musculocutaneous
1. deltoid and teres minor
| 2. biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis
26
Median Nerve and Branches with Corresponding Muscles: Forearm
- 6 1/2 muscles
- -- Pronator Teres
- -- Flexor Carpi Radialis
- -- Palmaris Longus
- -- Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
- -- Flexor Digitorum Profundus (1/2)
- -- Flexor Pollicis Longus
- -- Pronator Quadratus
27
Nerves and Corresponding Muscles: Infraclavicular
1. Lateral Pectoral
2. Medial Pectoral
3. Upper Subscapular
4. Lower Subscapular
5. Thoracodorsal
1. pectoralis major
2. pectoralis major and minor
3. subscapularis
4. subscapularis and teres major
5. latissimus dorsi
- NB: the medial brachial cutaneous and medial antebrachial cutaneous nerves are sensory only - no muscle innervation
28
Median Nerve and Branches with Corresponding Muscles: Hand
- intrinsic muscles
- Lumbricals 1 and 2
- Muscles of the Thenar Group
29
Ulnar Nerve and Corresponding Muscles
- Forearm (1 1/2 Muscles)
- --- Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
- --- Flexor Digitorum Profundus (1/2)
- Hand: all remaining intrinsic hand muscles
- --- those not supplied by the median nerve
30
Radial Nerve and Branches with Corresponding Muscles
- all posterior compartment muscles of the arm and forearm
| - no muscles in the hand
