Module 1: Anatomical Terminology

Question 1

Define anatomy

Answer 1

Study of the structure of the body

Question 2

Define physiology

Answer 2

Study of the function of the body

Question 3

What are the three main groups of anatomy?

Answer 3

Developmental, gross, microscopic

Question 4

What is developmental anatomy?

Answer 4

Changes throughout lifespan

Question 5

What is microscopic anatomy?

Answer 5

Too small to be seen

Question 6

What is gross anatomy?

Answer 6

Visible to the naked eye.

Question 7

what are the three approaches of gross anatomy? which approach will we be learning in this course?

Answer 7

regional, systemic and surface. we will use a systemic approach

Question 8

does function reflect structure?

Answer 8

yes

Question 9

what is the principle of complementarity?

Answer 9

what a structure can do depends on its specific form
eg. muscle from anterior arm crossing anterior elbow will flex the elbow

Question 10

What are the levels of structural organization?

Answer 10

Chemical level —> cellular level —> tissue level —> organ level —> organ system level —> organismal level

Question 11

What is the chemical level of structural organization?

Answer 11

Atoms combine to form molecules. Molecules form together to make a cell.

Question 12

What is the chemical level of structural organization?

Answer 12

Atoms combine to form molecules. Molecules form together to make a cell.

Question 13

What is the SMALLEST LIVING thing?

Answer 13

a cell. Anything smaller, like an atom or molecule, is NOT LIVING

Question 14

Can a cell do anything a living human can do?

Answer 14

Yes

Question 15

What is the tissue level of structural organization?

Answer 15

A tissue is a bunch of cells together. In each tissue, the cells have a common function.

Question 16

Are organs made up of different types of tissues?

Answer 16

Yes, usually 3 or 4. Good example is a blood vessel, has smooth muscle tissue in the middle, epithelial tissue on inside, and connective tissue on the outside. Different tissues work together

Question 17

In the organ system level of structural organization, what does it consist of?

Answer 17

Many different organs that work together. Ex, blood vessels works with heart in the cardiovascular system (the organ system) to pump blood in the body

Question 18

In the organismal level of structural organization, what does it consist of?

Answer 18

Many organ systems

Question 19

What is the axial skeleton?

Answer 19

Cranium, vertebrae, ribs
- head, neck, and trunk

Question 20

What is the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 20

Arms, shoulder, legs and pelvis
- upper and lower limbs

Question 21

What is the anatomical position?

Answer 21

The standard position to describe all the anatomical structures in the body. Needed to describe deviated positions.
- erect position
- palms, feet, eyes face forward (make sure thumbs are outward)
- arms at side
- feet shoulder width apart facing forward

Question 22

What is the median, or mid-sagittal plane?

Answer 22

Divides from left to right equally

Question 23

What is the sagittal plane?

Answer 23

Any slice other than median or mid-sagittal plane that will divide body from left and right. Not equal

Question 24

What is the frontal/coronal plane?

Answer 24

Divides the body from front and back equally

Question 25

What is the transverse plane?

Answer 25

Divides body from top to bottom parts

Question 26

What does superior/cranial vs inferior/caudal mean?

Answer 26

Superior- closer to top Inferior- closer to bottom

Question 27

What is anterior/ventral vs posterior/dorsal?

Answer 27

Anterior- closer to front Posterior- closer to back

Question 28

What is medial vs lateral?

Answer 28

Medial- closer to the midline of the body Lateral- farther from the midline of the body (Midline being seperating from left and right)

Question 29

Proximal vs distal? (Used to describe locations of limbs)

Answer 29

Proximal- closer to midline of body ex. Knee is proximal to ankle Distal- farther from midline of body ex. Elbow is distal to shoulder

Question 30

Proximal vs distal? (Used to describe systems or structures)

Answer 30

Proximal - start of structure or extremity Distal - end of structure or extremity Ex, digestive system. Mouth is most proximal and anus is most distal

Question 31

Superficial vs deep?

Answer 31

Superficial- closer to skin/surface ex. Nose is superficial to brain Deep- furthest from surface ex. Heart is deep to skin

Question 32

What is a flexion?

Answer 32

Often seen as a motion that decreases a joint angle. However, not for every joint.

Question 33

What is extension?

Answer 33

Motion that increases a joint angle

Question 34

What does an extension of the hip look like?

Answer 34

Keeping leg straight and moving is backwards or forwards

Question 35

What is dorsiflexion vs plantarflexion?

Answer 35

Dorsiflexion- 90° or more foot angle. Pull toes towards leg Plantarflexion- pointed toes. Push toes away from leg

Question 36

Abduction vs adduction of the limbs (shoulder and hip)

Answer 36

Abduction- moving away from midline of body ADDuction- moving towards midline of body (ADD to body)

Question 37

What is lateral flexion for head and trunk?

Answer 37

Moving away from the midline of the body. (Stretching neck or trunk)

Question 38

Radial vs ulnar deviation

Answer 38

Radial deviation- laterally flexion towards thumb Ulnar deviation- laterally flexion away from thumb (towards myself in anatomical position)

Question 39

What is the axial twist (rotation)?

Answer 39

Twisting of the head or trunk

Question 40

What is internal (medial) vs external (lateral) rotation?

Answer 40

Turning limb around limb axis. (Shoulder and hip) Ex. If arm is at 90° with hand AWAY from the body, moving your hand to be in front of your body will be a medial rotation. Vice verse would be a lateral rotation Internal/medial- turn IN, toward midline External/lateral- turn OUT, away from midline

Question 41

Supination vs pronation?

Answer 41

Supination- palm up Pronation- palm down

Question 42

Inversion vs eversion in the foot

Answer 42

Inversion- turning soles of feet inward Eversion- turning soles of feet outward