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KINE2031: Human Anatomy > Module 2B: Tissues; Connective > Flashcards

Module 2B: Tissues; Connective Flashcards

1
Q

what is the 6 functions of connective tissue?

A
  1. support body structure
    - not just attaching things together
  2. binding tissues to bone
  3. storage of fat or energy
  4. transport things like nutrients waste and hormones etc. around the body
  5. protection; the bones protects our organs. skeleton takes the impact
  6. immune protection; connective tissue may contact white blood cells which protects the body from invading pathogens
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2
Q

what are the four types of connective tissue?

A
  1. connective tissue proper (loose and dense)
  2. cartilage
  3. bone
  4. blood
  • all develop from the same cell (mesenchyme)
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3
Q

what are the 3 structural elements of connective tissue?

A
  1. cells (macrophages, fibroblasts, mast cells, plasma cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, adipocytes)
  2. ground substances (nonliving)
  3. fibers (elastic, reticular and collagen fibers) (nonliving)
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4
Q

what is the extracellular matrix?

A

combining the ground substance and fibers of the structural elements of connective tissues

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5
Q

the function of connective tissue will change depending on what?

A

the concentration it has of each structural elements of connective tissue

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6
Q

three subtypes of connective tissue proper - loose?

A

areolar, adipose and reticular

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7
Q

what types of cells are found in areolar?

A

fibroblast, defense cell and adipose cell

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8
Q

does areolar tissue hold water?

A

yes. located in the lining of capillaries

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9
Q

what cell is going to produce the protein fibers and ground substance

A

fibroblast

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10
Q

what fiber is made of collagen protein and is strong, flexible and resistant to stretch?

A

collagen fiber

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11
Q

which fiber allows for stretch and recoil and made of elastin protein

A

elastic fiber

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12
Q

what fiber is made of collagen fibers, tough and flexible and has a branching structure? supports blood vessels in your spleen

A

reticular fiber

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13
Q

what is ground substance?

A

colourless, viscous solution that supports cells and binds them together. provides medium for exchange

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14
Q

what are the defense cells in areolar connective tissue?

A

macrophage, plasma cell, mast cell, eosinophil, neutrophil
- responsible for breaking down any invading pathogens
- second line of defense after epithelial cells

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15
Q

adipose cells contain what?

A

mainly lipids

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16
Q

what does adipose cells do?

A
  • store energy
  • provide cushioning and protection
  • produces hormones
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17
Q

what cell type is primarily found in adipose tissue (fat storing)?

A

lipids

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18
Q

what does reticular tissue contains predominantly what?

A

reticular fibers; very thin connective fibers that were found in hollow organs

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19
Q

reticular tissue forms a supporting framework, why is that?

A

due to interweaving of the reticular fibers

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20
Q

which type of connective tissue proper - loose traps fluids?

A

reticular tissues, they act as sponges

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21
Q

why is a “connective tissue proper - dense”, dense?

A

it has more fibers, and less ground substance compared to connective tissue proper loose

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22
Q

what are the three types of connective tissue proper dense (CTPD)?

A
  1. regular
  2. irregular
  3. elastic
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23
Q

what is the structure of the regular connective tissue proper dense?

A

collagen fibers, running parallel, densely packed and very strong(only in direction it is running, not perpendicular)

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24
Q

CTPD regular has poor blood supply, what does this mean for damaged tissue (tendons or ligaments)?

A

its slow to heal

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25
what is the structure of the IRregular CTPD?
- mostly collagen fibers arranged in an irregular mesh pattern - found in the dermis of skin - found in layer around bone and cartilage called periosteum / perichondrium
26
IRregular CTPD can provide strength in multiple directions, why?
because of the multi-directional arrangement of fibers ex. pulling skin in any direction when you cannot do that with a tendon
27
what is elastic CTPD made up of? what does this allow for?
collagen and elastic fibers - allows for stretch and recoil
28
where can elastic CTPD be found?
in arteries and some ligaments that are stretchier
29
what are membranes made up of?
- CTPD loose or dense - combination of epithelial and connective tissue plus basement membrane
30
what is a membrane?
- they are flat sheets of pliable tissue - coverings or lining on parts of our body - their combinations of epithelial and connective tissue + a basement membrane
31
what are the types of membranes?
1. skin (aka cutaneous membrane) 2. mucous 3. serous 4. synovial
32
what are the two layers of the skin membrane?
epidermis; very top (made of epithelia) dermis; under epidermis (made of connective tissue)
33
what is the mucous membrane composed of?
epithelial, loose connective tissue, and goblet cells
34
what shape is the mucous membrane most often?
columnar
35
which organs will the mucous membrane align?
organs in your respiratory, urinary, digestive and reproductive systems
36
what is the serous membrane composed of?
simple epithelia and areolar connective tissue
37
what is the function of the serous membrane?
produces thin, watery fluid to allow easy motion over surfaces
38
what are the two layers of serous membrane on the lungs called?
parietal pleura and visceral pleura
39
why do we have a double layer of serous membrane with fluid in between on our lungs?
so when our lungs are inflating and deflating, they dont stick to our thoracic wall. there would be no friction
40
what are synovial membranes make up of?
synovial cells (synoviocytes) and loose connective tissue
41
is a synovial membrane an epithelial membrane?
no
42
what is a synovial membranes function?
lines joint cavities and secretes synovial fluid (lubricates and protects the joints, AND helps provide nutrients to the articular cartilage in the joint)
43
what is a chondrocyte?
a cartilage cell
44
what do chondrocytes develop from?
chondroblasts
45
what does chondrocytes produce?
collagen, elastic fibers and ground substance - just like fibroblasts
46
1. what does the ground substance of cartilage do? 2. also what does chondroitin sulfate (which is in the ground substance) do?
1. makes it solid but somewhat pliable 2. chondroitin sulfate will help give the cartilage resiliency so that it can take more stress than the connective tissue proper
47
what is perichondrium?
the dense layer of connective tissue that covers the cartilage
48
what are the three types of cartilage? what do they differ in?
1. hyaline cartilage 2. elastic cartilage (on ear) 3. fibrocartilage (intervertebrae) - they differ in amounts of strength and elasticity
49
no matter what type, what will all cartilage do?
provide cushion and support especially to bones
50
often cartilage is found where?
between bone and joints. - in joints, cartilage typically lines the end of the bones
51
why do we need cartilage on our bones in joints?
bone tissue is rough so without it, we would have too much friction and a lot of paint - cartilage lets bones slide past each other we can have contact without damage
52
why do we need so much water in ground substance for our cartilage?
its really good for cushioning. enhances the viscoelastic properties of this tissue
53
which cartilage is the most common?
hyaline as it lines most of our (long) bones at the articulation ends - middle strength and middle elasticity
54
which cartilage is the stretchiest?
elastic cartilage; most uncommon
55
which is the toughest cartilage with the least amount of stretch?
fibrocartilage; lots in our body, but in very specific spots
56
does hyaline cartilage have a high or low concentration of fine collagen fibers?
high
57
when we start of as a fetus, all of the skeleton is what?
hyaline cartilage and then we grow bone to replace most of the cartilage
58
which cartilage is found between our ribs and our sternum?
hyaline cartilage
59
what is elastic cartilage made of?
collagen and elastic fibers but more elastic so it is more flexible (less resilient) - has outer perichondrium
60
which cartilage is the cartilage of our intervertebrae discs?
fibrocartilage
61
how are chondrocytes and collagen fibers arranged in fibrocartilage?
arranged in parallel rows - this permits resistance of compression loads
61
what is fibrocartilages function?
shock absorption, especially for the intervertebral discs - resisting compressive loads
61
what are the two types of bone?
compact and spongey
62
where is marrow stored?
spongey bone
63
what are the roles of bone?
support, protect, house blood forming tissue
64
what is the toughest fiber?
collagen
65
what is bone made of?
collagen fibers and calcium
66
what will your bones do if you are low on calcium?
release calcium when you need it, but it will make them weaker
67
what is bloods main function?
transportation
68
what are ALL connective tissues developed from?
mesenchyme
69
what does chondroitin sulfate do?
it’s in ground substance. it’s what helps give cartilage resiliency so that it can take more stress than the connective tissue proper
70
Which cartilage has a perichondrium?
Elastic cartilage

KINE2031: Human Anatomy (34 decks)

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