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ALHT106 Exam (module 1-12) > Module 11 - Health Psychology Stress > Flashcards

Module 11 - Health Psychology Stress Flashcards

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1
Q

Health Psychology

A

study of
thoughts, beliefs & habitual behaviours
that influence the maintenance or undermines bodily health

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2
Q

Health compromising behaviours:

A

Self managed behaviours that have a cumulative impact on a person’s longevity & quality of life

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3
Q

Biggest challenge for health-compromising behaviours:

A

^ understand why people engage in behaviours that they know have negative health impacts
^ design meaningful ways to intervene

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4
Q

Broad reason for engaging in health compromising behaviours even though they know potential harms (2)

A

^ Temporal Discounting
^ Drive Mismatch

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5
Q

Temporal Discounting
(2 Broad Reasons for Health-Compromising Behaviours)

A

Benefit now vs consequences later

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6
Q

Drive Mismatch
(2 Broad Reasons for Health-Compromising Behaviours)

A

Ancestrally rare things are now common (sugar, sedentary lifestyle)

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7
Q

Individual differences that affect health compromising behaviours (3)

A

^ Satiety
^ Attention
^ Emotion-Regulation

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8
Q

Satiety:
(3 Individual Differences -> Health-Compromising Behaviours)

A

How long it takes to cease to feel hunger when eating

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9
Q

Attention:
(3 Individual Differences -> Health-Compromising Behaviours)

A

Differential ability to ignore unwanted messaging (advertisement)

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10
Q

Emotion Regulation
(3 Individual Differences -> Health-Compromising Behaviours)

A

Differential tendency to indulge in self-soothing

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11
Q

2 major approaches to health-compromising Behaviours for designing interventions:

A

^ The protection - Motivation Theory
^ The theory of Planned Behaviour

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12
Q

5 elements of Protection motivation Theory

A

^ Perceived Susceptibility
^ Perceived Severity
^ Benefits & Barriers
^ Cues to Action
^ Self Efficacy

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13
Q

Perceived Susceptibility
(Protection Motivation Theory)

A

Does it affect people like me?

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14
Q

Perceived Severity
(Protection Motivation Theory)

A

How bad would it be if I got it?

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15
Q

Benefits & Barriers
(Protection Motivation Theory)

A

What will I gain / lose?

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16
Q

Cues to Action
(Protection Motivation Theory)

A

What tells me I should or shouldn’t?

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17
Q

Self Efficacy
(Protection Motivation Theory)

A

Will I succeed if I try to change?

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18
Q

3 Components -> Behaviour Intention -> behaviour
(Theory of Planned Behaviour)

A

^ Personal Attitudes
^ Subjective Norms
^ Self Efficacy

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19
Q

Personal Attitudes
(Theory of Planned Behaviour)

A

Individual beliefs that the behaviour will lead to certain outcomes
Eg.
^ Smoking is relaxing
^ Smoking costs a lot
^ Smoking is bad for my health

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20
Q

Subjective Norms
(Theory of Planned Behaviour)

A

Individual beliefs about groups or individual’s views on whether they should do the behaviour
Eg.
^ My colleagues smoke
^ My girlfriend doesn’t want me to smoke

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21
Q

Self-Efficacy
(Theory of Planned Behaviour)

A

Individual belief of control of behaviour
^ I know I can stop smoking with help
^ I can rely on my GF to help me

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22
Q

Health Promotion:

A

Enables people to increase control over the determinants of health -> improves their health

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23
Q

4 major categories of barriers to health promotion:

A

^ 1. Individual
^ 2. Family
^ 3. Health Systems
^ 4. Community, cultural & Ethnic

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24
Q

Individual barriers (3)
(4 categories of barriers to health promotion)

A

^ future discounting
^ personality
^ gender roles

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25
Family barriers (3) (4 categories of barriers to health promotion)
^ parental modelling ^ genetic vulnerability ^ care needs
26
Health Systems barriers (3) (4 categories of barriers to health promotion)
^ cost ^ availability ^ public outreach & awareness
27
Community, Cultural & Ethnic (2) (4 categories of barriers to health promotion)
^ vulnerable minorities ^ isolation
28
Transtheoretical model of change process (5):
^ 1. Precontemplation - not ready ^ 2. Contemplation - getting ready ^ 3. Preparation - ready, setting systems in place ^ 4. Action ^ 5. Maintenance
29
Stress:
Sensation <- nervous system <- appraisal of challenge
30
Stress evokes negative feelings of:
^ anxiety ^ anger ^ frustration ^ guilt
31
Appraisal of Challenge' depends on
^ individual's context & personal abilities ^ somethings may be exciting to some, but stressful with others
32
Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System:
Nervous system that is activated in response to stress
33
What are the 2 nervous systems in Autonomic Nervous System?
^ Sympathetic System ^ Parasympathetic System
34
Sympathetic System response:
Fight or flight From a perceived challenge
35
Sympathetic System - physiological responses (3):
^ Heart & blood pressure increase ^ Respiration accelerates, blood sugar released from liver ^ adrenalin, noradrenalin released from adrenal glands ^ Pupils Dilate
36
Parasympathetic System response:
Rest & digest
37
Parasympathetic System - physiological responses (4):
^ Heartbeat slows ^ Blood pressure reduces ^ respiration slows ^ body experiences visceral (physiological) responses typical of periods of rest & relaxation
38
Opponent processes' regarding Sympathetic & Parasympathetic of Autonomic Nervous System:
^ Sympathetic suppresses Parasympathetic systems when it is activated
39
What are the affects when sympathetic system suppresses the parasympathetic system (4)?
Suppression of crucial bodily maintenance work: ^ healing ^ digesting nutrients ^ immunity to pathogens ^ preparation for future responses
40
The longer your stress responses last ->
The more your body breaks down
41
Evolutionary Mismatch: Regarding stress
^ mismatch of conditions the stress response evolved in VS novel conditions of modern life Eg. Historically: challenges were spontaneous and temporary demanding immediate body responses VS Modern life: main challenges are long-anticipation or accumulated daily
42
Short-term effects of stress on the body (4):
^ feeling nervous ^ Increased heart rate ^ Constipation & diarrhoea ^ Sensitive Skin
43
Long-term effects of stress on the body (4)
^ Mental health problems ^ Fertility Issues ^ Risk of Type 2 Diabetes ^ Severe Heart problems
44
Diseases exasperated by long-term stress (3)
^ Heart Disease - raises vascular strain, reduces recovery factors ^ Metabolic Disease - contributes to type 2 diabetes ^ Cancer - raises bowel dysfunction, impairs immune responses
45
Coping:
Psychological and social processes Used to reduce, redirect, manage, avoid stress
46
Coping mechanisms:
Specific actions Used to mitigate stress
47
Coping strategies:
Planned combination of coping mechanisms Used to mitigate stress
48
2 types of coping strategies
^ Adaptive strategies ^ Maladaptive strategies
49
Adaptive strategies (3):
Strategies that are ^ effective ^ sustainable ^ harmless
50
Maladaptive strategies (2):
Strategies that have ^ poor trade-offs ^ diminishing returns
51
Emotion-focused coping strategies - Aim:
reduce/avoid Emotions from stress
52
Emotion-focused coping strategies - Eg (5)
^ Indulgence or Consumption ^ Giving Up & Blaming ^ Aggressive 'Lashing Out' ^ Distraction ^ Reappraisal or Reframing
53
Indulgence or Consumption Strategy (Emotion-focused Strategies)
Boozing, smoking, stress-eating or other hedonistic behaviours that discount future for present
54
Giving Up & Blaming Strategy (Emotion-focused Strategies)
Lower expectations, learned helplessness
55
Aggressive 'Lashing Out' Strategy (Emotion-focused Strategies)
Venting stress through catharsis (release)
56
Distraction Strategy (Emotion-focused Strategies)
Listen to music, engage in leisure activities
57
Reappraisal or Reframing Strategy (Emotion-focused Strategies)
Positive self-talk, meditation, humour
58
Problem-focused Coping Strategies - Aim:
To address the underlying challenges that cause stress
59
Problem-focused coping strategies - Eg (4)
^ Increased Planning ^ Routine Self-Care ^ Asking for Help ^ Establish Boundaries
60
Increased Planning (Problem-focused coping strategies)
^ Breaking down existing stress into manageable parts ^ Trying to better forecast sources of future sources of stress
61
Routine Self-Care (Problem-focused coping strategies)
Prioritise rest, exercise, healthy food
62
Asking for Help (Problem-focused coping strategies)
Swallow pride to ask for help for the problem
63
Establish Boundaries (Problem-focused coping strategies)
Saying no to social activities to minimise new stressors
64
Most adaptive strategies include___
^ Emotion-focused + Problem-focused strategies Eg Emotion-focused Strategies: exercise, take a bath, pep talk, meditation Problem-Focused Strategies: Work on managing time, ask for support, boundaries, creating to-do lists
65
While problem-focused coping strategies tend to be more adaptive compared to emotion-focused strategies, you should ___
^ Refrain from starting with problem-focused strategies unless invited as clients can be put off by being told what to do ^ Always start with emotion-focused strategies with clients
66
Individual factors to consider before deciding appropriate emotion-focused and problem-focused coping strategies (3):
^ Optimism (positive outlook) ^ Conscientiousness (wanting to do well, responsible) ^ Neuroticism (emotional stability)
67
Optimism (Individual factors for coping strategies)
^ Optimistic people expect good outcomes -> easier to commit to long-term strategies ^ related to agreeableness
68
Conscientiousness (Individual factors for coping strategies)
^ Conscientious people -> easier time planning for future & maintain new habits
69
Neuroticism (Individual factors for coping strategies)
^ higher neuroticism -> more volatile responses to stress, require greater care for Emotion-coping

ALHT106 Exam (module 1-12) (11 decks)

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