Module 2 - Learning Behavioural Psychology Cognitive Social Learning

Question 1

Learning:

Answer 1

Any enduring change in the way an organism responds based on experience
Experience shapes behaviour

Question 2

Behaviourism Learning

Answer 2

Stimulus -> Response model (reflex)

Question 3

Classical conditioning:

Answer 3

Associative learning
Innate reactions can come to be paired with neutral stimuli, to produce learned (conditioned) responses
Neutral Stimuli + US -> UR
After repeated pairings
CS (originally neutral stimulus) -> CR

Question 4

Reflex:

Answer 4

Automatic response to a stimulus

Question 5

Unconditioned Stimulus (US) -> Unconditioned Response example

Answer 5

Puff of air (US) -> blinking Eye (UR/ Reflex)

Question 6

Decays with time
(Classical Conditioning)

Answer 6

Under-utilized conditioned associations can be removed

Question 7

Extinction
(Classical Conditioning & Operant)

Answer 7

Classical Conditioning: Occurs when association is unlearned when CS is presented repeatedly without the US

Operant conditioning: occurs when behaviours (operant) are not followed by previous reinforcement / punishment

Question 8

Spontaneous Recovery
(Classical Conditioning)

Answer 8

Conditioned response can be recovered
Connection traces remain, re-training conditioned response later is extremely fast

Question 9

Stimulus Generalisation
(Classical Conditioning: Range of conditioned stimulus)

Answer 9

Once CR is in place you can train the CR to respond to a wide range of stimulus
Eg. CR can occur from CS Whistle, bell, high pitch

Question 10

Stimulus Discrimination
(Classical Conditioning: Range of conditioned stimulus)

Answer 10

When CR occurs to very narrow and specific CS.
Eg. CR is only to whistle, not bell

Question 11

Blocking
(Complications of classical conditioning)

Answer 11

A new CS will fail to be paired if presented alongside another CS that is already paired
Eg. Disco lights (CS2) + Whistle (CS1) + Food (US) -> Dog Salivate (UR)
Whistle (CS1) -> Dog Salivate (CR)
Disco lights (CS2) -> No reaction from dog

Question 12

Latent Inhibition
(Complications of classical conditioning)

Answer 12

If a CS has been presented without a pairing before, it will be difficult to pair with new things
Eg. Peanut butter sandwiches have been eaten for many years. A one time reaction of vomiting will not stop you from eating peanut butter sandwiches

Question 13

Principles
(Operant Conditioning)

Answer 13

Voluntary actions
Good consequences -> more likely repeating actions
Bad consequences -> less likely in repeating actions

Question 14

Reinforcement
(Operant Conditioning)

Answer 14

Any consequences that increases behaviour
Phase out reinforcers and move to naturally occurring reinforcers - sense of achievement

Question 15

Primary reinforcers
(Operant Conditioning)

Answer 15

Biological reinforcers, water, food

Question 16

Secondary Reinforcers
(Operant Conditioning)

Answer 16

Money - to buy food, stickers

Question 17

Intrinsic Reinforcers
(Operant Conditioning)

Answer 17

Comes from the activity itself, rather than from reinforcements or punishments
Eg. Sense of achievement

Question 18

Extrinsic Reinforcers
(Operant Conditioning)

Answer 18

Comes from external consequences of performing behaviour
Eg. Money for mowing lawn

Question 19

Artificial Reinforcers

Answer 19

Something added to build skills
Eg. A reward

Question 20

Naturally occurring Reinforcers

Answer 20

Used to maintain & increase skills
Eg. Success make you feel good about yourself

Question 21

Reinforcers are natural or artificial

Answer 21

Can be a combination of both
Graded in comparison to each other

Question 22

Punishment
(Operant Conditioning)

Answer 22

Any consequences that decrease behaviour

Question 23

Problems with punishment
(Operant Conditioning)

Answer 23

Generate undesirable effects:
Anger
Suppression of target behaviours
Punishment need monitoring (unpractical)
Escape - subject may find behaviours to escape situation
Ethical implications

Question 24

Positive reinforcement / punishment
(Operant Conditioning)

Answer 24

Adding something to the subject

Question 25

Negative reinforcement / punishment (Operant Conditioning)

Answer 25

Removing something to the subject

Question 26

Are most reinforcements delivered on a continuous schedule? (Operant Conditioning)

Answer 26

No

Question 27

Continuous Schedule reinforcement (Operant Conditioning)

Answer 27

Reinforcement occurs every time an animal emits a behaviour

Question 28

Intermittent Schedule reinforcement (Operant Conditioning)

Answer 28

Reinforcement does not occur every time an animal emits a behaviour Ratio schedule (Number) Interval schedule (time)

Question 29

Ratio Schedule (Operant Conditioning)

Answer 29

Reinforcement is delivered when a certain number of responses are given

Question 30

Fixed Ratio Schedule (Operant Conditioning: Reinforcement)

Answer 30

Fixed number of correct responses must occur before reinforcement recurs

Question 31

Variable Ratio Schedule (Operant Conditioning: Reinforcement)

Answer 31

Unpredictable number of correct responses before reinforcement recurs Best behaviour reinforcement

Question 32

Interval Schedule (Operant Conditioning: Reinforcement)

Answer 32

Reinforcement is given after a certain amount of time has passed

Question 33

Fixed Interval Schedule (Operant Conditioning: Reinforcement)

Answer 33

Reinforcement occurs after fixed amount of time

Question 34

Variable Interval Schedule (Operant Conditioning: Reinforcement)

Answer 34

Varied / unpredictable amount of time between reinforcements

Question 35

Shaping (Behavioural Interventions)

Answer 35

Reinforcements to approximate target behaviours (positive reinforcement) Used when likelihood of spontaneously performing behaviour is low Target behaviour must be possible

Question 36

Chaining (Behavioural Interventions)

Answer 36

For complex behaviours Identify individual steps (task analysis) Backward chaining: teach process backwards Forward chaining: teach process step by step Total/ whole task chaining: teach whole process first

Question 37

Prompting: Stimulus Prompts (Behavioural Interventions)

Answer 37

Movement cue: point, touch, gaze, direction Position cue: target item placed in different positions to other items Redundancy cue: dimension of target is exaggerated (size)

Question 38

Prompting: Response Prompts (Behavioural Interventions)

Answer 38

Verbal instructions (vocal or visual) Modelling Physical guidance

Question 39

Prompt Fading (Behavioural Interventions)

Answer 39

Gradually removing prompt so that client's behaviour is under stimulus control

Question 40

Generalisation

Answer 40

Goal of teaching new behaviours that can generalise to a range of situations

Question 41

Behavioural interventions: (Behaviour Analysis)

Answer 41

Can increase or decrease behaviours

Question 42

Why do you want to change behaviours? (Behaviour Analysis)

Answer 42

Behaviours occur too often Too infrequently Doesn't perform behaviour accurately

Question 43

Functional Assessment of behaviour Qs (Behaviour Analysis)

Answer 43

First step Why did the behaviour occur? What function does the behaviour serve the subject?

Question 44

ABC Model (Behaviour Analysis: Functional Assessment)

Answer 44

Antecedents: Stimuli / triggers Behaviour(s): responses of the individual and responses that we want to increase or decrease Consequences: positive/negative reinforcement

Question 45

Cognitive Psychology

Answer 45

Focus on mental processes and internal states of mind Social learning

Question 46

3 Components of Observational Psychology (Cognitive Psychology: Observational Learning)

Answer 46

Modelling Reproduce behaviour of a model Vicarious Conditioning Learns via observing consequences of an action for someone else Tutelage Teaching concepts via direct instructions

Question 47

Yuri worked in a bakery where his arm got burnt from the oven causing severe pain. Whenever he smells fresh bread he has a panic attack. Name the UCS, UCR, CS, CR (Classical Conditioning)

Answer 47

UCS (Burning Arm) -> UCR (severe pain) CS (Bread Smell) -> CR (panic attack)

Question 48

Tricia was sick one day from eating at a seafood restaurant with blue walls. Now, whenever she see blue walls, she feels nauseous. Name the UCS, UCR, CS, CR (Classical Conditioning)

Answer 48

UCS (Seafood) -> UCR (sick) CS (blue walls) -> CR (feeling nauseous)

Question 49

Giving chocolates, Praising, Pat on the head. (Operant Conditioning +/- Reinforcement / Punishment)

Answer 49

Positive Reinforcement

Question 50

Turning off horrible noise, Giving painkillers, Stop nagging (Operant Conditioning +/- Reinforcement / Punishment)

Answer 50

Negative reinforcement

Question 51

A punch in the face, Spanking, Scolding, Imprisonment (Operant Conditioning +/- Reinforcement / Punishment)

Answer 51

Positive Punishment

Question 52

Grounding, Confiscation of games, Fine penalties (Operant Conditioning +/- Reinforcement / Punishment)

Answer 52

Negative Punishment

Question 53

A Student fails an assignment because of cheating ((Operant Conditioning name +/- reinforcement, punishment, extinction)

Answer 53

Punishment

Question 54

Vesna opens an umbrella so she will not get wet from the storm ((Operant Conditioning name +/- reinforcement, punishment, extinction)

Answer 54

Negative reinforcement

Question 55

Every time Vesna puts money into the machine she gets a toy (Operant conditioning -Schedules of reinforcement - name continuous reinforcement, fixed ratio reinforcement, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval)

Answer 55

Continuous reinforcement

Question 56

Dean likes to visit the casino. Sometimes he wins money after putting a few coins. Other times he wins after putting in $20. (Operant conditioning -Schedules of reinforcement - name continuous reinforcement, fixed ratio reinforcement, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval)

Answer 56

Variable Ratio

Question 57

Timiko earns her pay performing at a concert approximately every 2 weeks (Operant conditioning -Schedules of reinforcement - name continuous reinforcement, fixed ratio reinforcement, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval)

Answer 57

Variable Interval

Question 58

Dayna reward herself for every 5 question she completes (Operant conditioning -Schedules of reinforcement - name continuous reinforcement, fixed ratio reinforcement, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval)

Answer 58

Fixed Ratio

Question 59

Bruce provide commentary at a game every four years (Operant conditioning -Schedules of reinforcement - name continuous reinforcement, fixed ratio reinforcement, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval)

Answer 59

Fixed Interval