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ALHT106 Exam (module 1-12) > Module 9 - Personality > Flashcards

Module 9 - Personality Flashcards

1
Q

Personality:

A

A person’s unique patterns in
cognitive (thought)
Emotional
Behavioural
Responses

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2
Q

Psychosexual Development
(Freud’s Theory)

A

Personality is shaped by childhood dilemmas
‘Fixations’ at particular psychosexual stages cause distinctive neurotic behaviours in adulthood

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3
Q

Fixations

A

a persistent focus of the id’s pleasure-seeking energies at an early stage of psychosexual development

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4
Q

Fixations at particular psychosexual stages causes___

A

Distinctive neurotic behaviours in adulthood

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5
Q

Psychosexual Distinct Stages (5)

A

Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latent
Genital

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6
Q

Age range:
(Oral Stage -> Psychosexual Distinct Stages)

A

0-18 months (1.5 years)

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7
Q

Conflict (dilemmas):
(Oral Stage -> Psychosexual Distinct Stages)

A

Awareness of dependence on their mothers (caregivers), and
the vulnerability associated with this - separation anxiety

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8
Q

Fixation (Focus) -> behaviours in adult life
(Oral Stage -> Psychosexual Distinct Stages)

A

Clingy & needy
Strong need for approval
Neurotic habits involve the mouth (biting nails, cigarettes)

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9
Q

Age range:
(Anal Stage-> Psychosexual Distinct Stages)

A

2-3 years old

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10
Q

Conflict:
(Anal Stage-> Psychosexual Distinct Stages)

A

Awareness of judgements associated with body waste production (poop)

Concern for cleanliness, order, control & compliance

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11
Q

Fixation (Focus) -> behaviours in adult life
(Anal Stage-> Psychosexual Distinct Stages)

A

Extreme neatness & fussiness (retentive)
Or extreme messiness & laziness (expulsive)

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12
Q

Age range:
(Phallic Stage -> Psychosexual Distinct Stages)

A

4-6 years old

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13
Q

Conflict:
(Phallic Stage -> Psychosexual Distinct Stages)

A

Children begin to separate gender identity
Identify with same sex parent
Covet attention of other parent (Oedipus/Electra Complex, castration anxiety, penis envy)

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14
Q

Fixation (Focus) -> behaviours in adult life
(Phallic Stage -> Psychosexual Distinct Stages)

A

Differs according to gender
Males: who cannot move past Oedipal conflict, assert their masculinity -> brash, destructive
Females: emotional / histrionic

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15
Q

Age range:
(Latent Stage -> Psychosexual Distinct Stages)

A

7-11 years old

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16
Q

Conflict:
(Latent Stage -> Psychosexual Distinct Stages)

A

Children begin to learn to suppress their Eros desires
Focus on maintaining dispassionate Ego as a safety mechanism

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17
Q

Fixation (Focus) -> behaviours in adult life
(Latent Stage -> Psychosexual Distinct Stages)

A

Self-denial
Leads to asexuality & dullness

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18
Q

Age range:
(Genital Stage -> Psychosexual Distinct Stages)

A

12 years up

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19
Q

Conflict:
(Genital Stage -> Psychosexual Distinct Stages)

A

Children sexual maturity,
separating new intense desires
Separating sources of anxiety/ failures/ rejections

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20
Q

Fixation (Focus) -> behaviours in adult life
(Genital Stage -> Psychosexual Distinct Stages)

A

Various sexual obsessions
resurgence of earlier partial fixations

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21
Q

Defence mechanisms

A

Protects mind from unconscious urges
Shape personality

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22
Q

6 Defence mechanisms

A

Repression
Displacement
Regression
Rationalisation
Denial
Projection

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23
Q

Repression
(6 Defence Mechanisms -> Psychodynamic Theory)

A

Supress, block unconscious urges

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24
Q

Displacement
(6 Defence Mechanisms -> Psychodynamic Theory)

A

Redirect unconscious urges
Eg. Get yelled at work -> displace it at home by yelling at wife

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25
Regression (6 Defence Mechanisms -> Psychodynamic Theory)
Revert to behaviour patterns at an earlier age Eg. Cry like a baby
26
Rationalisation (6 Defence Mechanisms -> Psychodynamic Theory)
Rationalise, make a story to excuse urges
27
Denial (6 Defence Mechanisms -> Psychodynamic Theory)
Refuse to acknowledge urges
28
Projection (6 Defence Mechanisms -> Psychodynamic Theory)
Attributing thoughts to others
29
Psychodynamic Approach - Key Points (3)
- Experience universal drives / desires in upbringing - Potentially acquire formative fixations from childhood events - Build up defence strategies to keep Ego manageable range of anxiety & drive satiation, long term
30
Which 2 psychological perspectives is the basis of social cognitive approach?
Behavioural Psychology Cognitive Psychology Learning processes -> shape behaviour -> personality characteristics
31
Personality development is explained by (Behaviourist Psychology) (2)
Behaviourist Psychology Learning Mechanisms (Classical, operant) Social/observational learning
32
Everyday behaviours are managed by (Cognitive Psychology)
Everyday behaviours are managed by cognitive evaluations & beliefs
33
Mental Representations (Schemas)
Ideas of how we expect the world to work
34
4 factors that Personality (behavioural repertoire) depends on:
Behaviour-Outcome Expectancies Beliefs about what is possible Self-Efficacy Expectancies Confidence based on past successes Competencies Acquired skills useful in problem-solving Self-Regulation Managing new gaps in expectations and competence
35
Social Cognitive Approach - Key Points: Personality is developed through (2)
- Learning new information -> refining our behaviour strategies to get the best outcomes - Building networks of schematic Personal Constructs, which shape our expectations about ourselves & others -> allows us to self-regulate towards more achievable, positive outcomes.
36
Humanistic Approach: Therapeutic movement
Affirming individual character Empowering choices & personal progress Supporting people on their path to self-actualisation
37
Humanistic Approach Personality development is focused on__
Growth by choice
38
Humanistic Approach Beliefs about people (3)
Human nature is fundamentally good Desire & capability to survive, grow, and improve Intentional choices and ‘free will’ shape our self-perceptions→ helps us become who we wish to become
39
Self Perception produces 3 versions of self:
True Self False Self Ideal Self
40
True Self (self perception -> 3 selves)
True inner being Most fundamental to us, untainted and always good by default
41
False Self (self perception -> 3 selves)
View of self created by personal experience & worldly limitations Distorts the true self
42
Ideal Self (self perception -> 3 selves)
Imagined best version of ourselves
43
Humanistic Approach - Key Points: Personality development relies on__ (3)
- Receiving external support (satisfy basic needs such as hunger, shelter) - Changing self-perceptions to affirm our nature & goals - Making conscious, positive choices to change our lives for the better -> be closer to our ideal selves
44
Trait:
Words people use to describe themselves Emotional, cognitive and behavioural tendencies
45
Allport (1937) divided traits into 2 categories
Central Traits: traits which characterise interactions (reliable) Secondary traits: Characteristics in response to particular situations (e.g. Dislikes crowds0
46
How are traits measured?
Questionnaire completed by close individuals Self-report questionnaire
47
Is there a universal number of agreed traits?
no
48
What is the most popular trait model?
Five Factor Model Factor analysis yielded 5 overarching personalities
49
What are the Big Five traits/personalities in the OCEAN model?
Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
50
Openness (OCEAN <-Five Factor Model <- Traits)
Open to new experiences Fantasy, intellectual ideas, flexible, emotionally open
51
High openness consequence Low openness consequence
High openness: potential exploitation Low openness: hiding oneself
52
Conscientiousness (OCEAN <-Five Factor Model <- Traits)
Order Self-discipline Dutifulness
53
High conscientiousness consequence Low conscientiousness consequence
High conscientiousness: paralysing carefulness Low conscientiousness: risk taking
54
Extraversion (OCEAN <-Five Factor Model <- Traits)
Warmth Excitement seeking Assertiveness
55
High Extraversion consequence: Low Extraversion consequence:
High Extraversion: socially overwhelming Low Extraversion: extremely withdrawn
56
Agreeableness (OCEAN <-Five Factor Model <- Traits)
Trust Altruism Tenderness
57
High Agreeableness: Low Agreeableness:
High Agreeableness: interpersonal doormat Low Agreeableness: disconnected
58
Neuroticism (OCEAN <-Five Factor Model <- Traits)
Anxiety Depression Self-consciousness
59
High Neuroticism: Low Neuroticism:
High Neuroticism: Nervous Low Neuroticism: emotionally blank / unreactive
60
Limitations of the Five Factor Model (2)
Social Desirability Bias (based off of self-perception when completing questionnaire) Purely descriptive theory, no explanation of how personality is developed
61
Key Points of Trait Theories
Best for describing individual differences in personality especially when comparing groups Atheoretical -> no insights into how personalities are developed
62
Why is it important of AHA to understand personalities?
Work well as a team Take care of your own health and well-being Promote well-being of client & families Be knowledgeable and reflective professional who does not draw from unhelpful labels and myths when trying to understand behaviours or others
63
Positive Psychology (3)
Science of positive individual traits Human thriving and flourishing Scientific study of strengths that enable individuals and communities to thrive

ALHT106 Exam (module 1-12) (11 decks)

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