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ALHT106 Exam (module 1-12) > Module 5 - Memory > Flashcards

Module 5 - Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is memory?

A

The mind is like a computer which stores, transforms and retrieves information processing

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2
Q

Why is memory important? (4)

A

Fundamental to daily function
Creates meaningful life narratives
Allows us to learn from mistakes
Allows us to learn from successes

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3
Q

Memory and learning

A

Same phenomena, closely related concepts

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4
Q

Difference between learning & memory?

A

Learning
acquisition of skills and knowledge.
Enduring change in behaviour/ response due to experience
Memory
How the ‘learnings’ are stored
The cognitive process that encodes, stores, and retrieves prior learnings as well as past experiences

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5
Q

Neural Networks
(Biological Basis of Memory)

A

interconnected neurons of the brain and nervous system

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6
Q

Connections / Synapses
(Biological Basis of Memory)

A

Neurons transmit information (electrochemical signals, i.e neuro transmitters) via Synapses (connections)

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7
Q

New connections and unused connections
(Biological Basis of Memory)

A

New connections can be formed
Unused connections can be lost

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8
Q

Computer Analogy
(Cognitive Psychology)

A

Explains how neural activity processes information

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9
Q

Computational models: recreates___
(Cognitive Psychology)

A

Recreate steps in mental activity

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10
Q

Brain damage offers insight into
(Cognitive Psychology)

A

How function is regionalised

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11
Q

What are the basic memory processes? (3)

A

Encoding (Acquisition)
How information is converted for storage

Storage (Maintenance)
How information is retained in the memory

Retrieval (Recovery)
How information is recovered from memory

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12
Q

Basis of Memory: (2)
(Encoding)

A

Perception and sensation
Most of what we perceive is not remembered

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13
Q

Key factor/influence of encoding:

A

Attention

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14
Q

Increase attention via Reactive/Passive approaches:

A

Loud noise
Use Own name

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15
Q

Increase attention via Selective approaches:

A

Focused
effortful

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16
Q

Depth of processing (4)
(Encoding Strategies)

A

-> Improved memory encoding
* Elaboration
* Visual Imagery
* Self-relevance
* Motivation to remember

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17
Q

Elaboration:
(Encoding Strategies)

A

Linking to other ideas or events

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18
Q

Visual Imagery:
(Encoding Strategies)

A

Visualising a relevant image in the mind

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19
Q

Self-Relevance:
(Encoding Strategies)

A

Framing information as relevant to oneself

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20
Q

Motivation to remember:
(Encoding Strategies)

A

Explicitly thinking about future contexts where info is useful

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21
Q

Memory is stored

A

In multiple modalities

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22
Q

Retrieval of memory relies on

A

Retrieval cues

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23
Q

Retrieval cues are more effective when matched with (2)

A

context or emotions
Eg. Remember school days when visiting a school
Eg. Hard to recall happy memories when sad

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24
Q

Sensory Memory (2):

A

Sensory memory holds information about a perceived stimulus for about 1 sec.
Echoic (Audio) and Iconic (Visual)memory

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25
Q

How long is sensory memory stored for?

A

1 sec

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26
Q

Working (short-term) Memory: (3)

A

Temporary storage and processing of information
Used to solve problems, respond to demands, achieve goals
Conscious / Active : information remains in the WM as long as someone is consciously processing it

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27
Q

How long is Working memory stored without rehearsal?

A

10-20 secs

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28
Q

Central Executive

A

Computes motivations
Directs effort/attention

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29
Q

Phonological Loop
(Baddeley’s working memory model)

A

Verbal store in working memory
Silent speech system used to repeat words to oneself
Purpose: Rehearse information
Maintenance rehearsal

30
Q

Visuospatial sketchpad

A

System where we Imagine and manipulate abstract images
Visual store in WM

31
Q

Episodic Buffer

A

Multimodal store that lasts 10-20secs

32
Q

How many new units of information can be retained in ideal lab conditions?
(Working Memory)

A

7 (+/-2)new units of information

33
Q

How many new units of information can be retained in real world?
(Working Memory)

A

4-5 new units of information

34
Q

Hippocampus

A

Structures in the limbic system that encodes information from WM’s episodic buffer -> LTM

35
Q

Working memory assessments : (2)

A

Digit Span (Forwards and backwards)

Sentence Recall

36
Q

Digit Span: (2)

A

Measures verbal short term memory span (storage capacity)
Repeat numbers forwards and backwards

37
Q

Sentence Recall

A

Immediate repetition of auditory sentences
If shorter sentences are repeated correctly, but longer ones are not -> suggests memory difficulties
Where the repetition breaks down tells you where difficulties lie

38
Q

Serial position effect:

A

People tend to remember information towards the beginning and end of the list rather than the middle

39
Q

Disorders associated with WM dysfunction:

A

Learning disabilities inc. Dyslexia
ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)

40
Q

Dyslexia:

A

Difficulty with mentally manipulating words
Important for segmentation and blending
Difficulty computing long instructions

41
Q

ADHD:

A

impaired attention, concentration and focus

42
Q

Long-term memory:

A

Memory potentially stored forever

43
Q

What happens to missing details when we retrieve memory?

A

Reconstructed
Therefore memories change & evolve

44
Q

The longer information stays in working memory, the more likely it will be__?

A

Stored in LTM

45
Q

Declarative memory
(Long-term memory)

A

Explicit memory
Information that you can tell others
Facts, events, beliefs

46
Q

2 types of Declarative (explicit) memory:

A

Episodic
Semantic

47
Q

Episodic Memory
(Long-term memory -> Declarative Memory Type)

A

Memories of specific events in our lives
Eg. What you did on NYE
Feelings of an event

48
Q

Semantic Memory
(Long-term memory -> Declarative Memory Type)

A

Memories of know facts, general knowledge

49
Q

Procedural memory
(Long-term memory)

A

Implicit
Memories that you can show by doing

50
Q

3 types of Procedural (Implicit) Memory

A

Skill Learning
Priming
Conditioning

51
Q

Skill learning:
(Type of Procedural Memory <- Long Term Memory)

A

Knowing how to ride a bicycle

52
Q

Priming:
(Type of Procedural Memory <- Long Term Memory

A

Changes in responses due to exposure from subtle influences
Being more likely to use a word you heard recently

53
Q

Conditioning:

A

Reflexes
Salivating when you see a favourite food

54
Q

Retrieval

A

Recovering information from LTM (long term memory) and bringing it back to STM (short term memory) /consciousness

55
Q

Recognition

A

Memory for when something that is currently perceived has been previously encountered or learned

56
Q

Recall

A

Explicit retrieval of information from LTM

57
Q

Causes for failure in encoding long term memory / everyday memory (2)?

A

Distraction / Attention (other sensory stimuli)
Cognitive Load -> divides our attention between competing sources

58
Q

Simple Decay:

A

Memories that are lost because they are seldom used or reactivated

59
Q

Intrusion Errors:

A

Mixing of related, recent memory information into existing episodic memory

60
Q

Replacement Errors:

A

Memory links are lost via re-categorizing

61
Q

Misinformation Effects -> False Memories
(False Memories)

A

New information might contaminate memory
Eg. Assumption of guilt

62
Q

Schematic Fitting -> False Memories
(False Memories)

A

ideas or schemas from our world view that lead to false memories
Eg. stereotyping

63
Q

Anterograde Amnesia -> False Memories

A

Cannot encode new information due to damage to hippocampus

64
Q

Retrograde Amnesia (4) -> False Memories

A

Can form new memories
Lose long-term memory, explicit memory (episodic, semantic)
Rare (besides dementia)
Caused by emotional dissociation

65
Q

Memory reconstruction:

A

Only a small amount of information is encoded in long term memory
When long-term memory is reactivated, they are brought into WM where additional elements are added

66
Q

Encoding & Retrieval Principles (4)

A

Elaboration
Visual Imagery
Self-Relevance
Motivation to remember

67
Q

Mnemonic Devices:

A

Acronyms
Initialisms

68
Q

Method of Loci:
(Mnemonic Device)

A

Strategy for memorizing new information
Involves imagining yourself placing pieces of information around a room and then visualising yourself walking back through the pick the information up[

69
Q

Networks of association:
(Encoding Strategies)

A

Mind/ word/ semantic/ visual maps

70
Q

Chunking:
(Encoding Strategies)

A

Grouping information together using knowledge stored in LTM
Works with delivering instruction

ALHT106 Exam (module 1-12) (11 decks)

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