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ALHT106 Exam (module 1-12) > Module 5 - Memory > Flashcards

Module 5 - Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is memory?

A

The mind is like a computer which stores, transforms and retrieves information processing

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2
Q

Why is memory important? (4)

A

Fundamental to daily function
Creates meaningful life narratives
Allows us to learn from mistakes
Allows us to learn from successes

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3
Q

Memory and learning

A

Same phenomena, closely related concepts

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4
Q

Difference between learning & memory?

A

Learning
acquisition of skills and knowledge.
Enduring change in behaviour/ response due to experience
Memory
How the ‘learnings’ are stored
The cognitive process that encodes, stores, and retrieves prior learnings as well as past experiences

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5
Q

Neural Networks
(Biological Basis of Memory)

A

interconnected neurons of the brain and nervous system

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6
Q

Connections / Synapses
(Biological Basis of Memory)

A

Neurons transmit information (electrochemical signals, i.e neuro transmitters) via Synapses (connections)

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7
Q

New connections and unused connections
(Biological Basis of Memory)

A

New connections can be formed
Unused connections can be lost

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8
Q

Computer Analogy
(Cognitive Psychology)

A

Explains how neural activity processes information

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9
Q

Computational models: recreates___
(Cognitive Psychology)

A

Recreate steps in mental activity

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10
Q

Brain damage offers insight into
(Cognitive Psychology)

A

How function is regionalised

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11
Q

What are the basic memory processes? (3)

A

Encoding (Acquisition)
How information is converted for storage

Storage (Maintenance)
How information is retained in the memory

Retrieval (Recovery)
How information is recovered from memory

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12
Q

Basis of Memory: (2)
(Encoding)

A

Perception and sensation
Most of what we perceive is not remembered

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13
Q

Key factor/influence of encoding:

A

Attention

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14
Q

Increase attention via Reactive/Passive approaches:

A

Loud noise
Use Own name

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15
Q

Increase attention via Selective approaches:

A

Focused
effortful

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16
Q

Depth of processing (4)
(Encoding Strategies)

A

-> Improved memory encoding
* Elaboration
* Visual Imagery
* Self-relevance
* Motivation to remember

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17
Q

Elaboration:
(Encoding Strategies)

A

Linking to other ideas or events

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18
Q

Visual Imagery:
(Encoding Strategies)

A

Visualising a relevant image in the mind

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19
Q

Self-Relevance:
(Encoding Strategies)

A

Framing information as relevant to oneself

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20
Q

Motivation to remember:
(Encoding Strategies)

A

Explicitly thinking about future contexts where info is useful

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21
Q

Memory is stored

A

In multiple modalities

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22
Q

Retrieval of memory relies on

A

Retrieval cues

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23
Q

Retrieval cues are more effective when matched with (2)

A

context or emotions
Eg. Remember school days when visiting a school
Eg. Hard to recall happy memories when sad

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24
Q

Sensory Memory (2):

A

Sensory memory holds information about a perceived stimulus for about 1 sec.
Echoic (Audio) and Iconic (Visual)memory

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25
How long is sensory memory stored for?
1 sec
26
Working (short-term) Memory: (3)
Temporary storage and processing of information Used to solve problems, respond to demands, achieve goals Conscious / Active : information remains in the WM as long as someone is consciously processing it
27
How long is Working memory stored without rehearsal?
10-20 secs
28
Central Executive
Computes motivations Directs effort/attention
29
Phonological Loop (Baddeley's working memory model)
Verbal store in working memory Silent speech system used to repeat words to oneself Purpose: Rehearse information Maintenance rehearsal
30
Visuospatial sketchpad
System where we Imagine and manipulate abstract images Visual store in WM
31
Episodic Buffer
Multimodal store that lasts 10-20secs
32
How many new units of information can be retained in ideal lab conditions? (Working Memory)
7 (+/-2)new units of information
33
How many new units of information can be retained in real world? (Working Memory)
4-5 new units of information
34
Hippocampus
Structures in the limbic system that encodes information from WM's episodic buffer -> LTM
35
Working memory assessments : (2)
Digit Span (Forwards and backwards) Sentence Recall
36
Digit Span: (2)
Measures verbal short term memory span (storage capacity) Repeat numbers forwards and backwards
37
Sentence Recall
Immediate repetition of auditory sentences If shorter sentences are repeated correctly, but longer ones are not -> suggests memory difficulties Where the repetition breaks down tells you where difficulties lie
38
Serial position effect:
People tend to remember information towards the beginning and end of the list rather than the middle
39
Disorders associated with WM dysfunction:
Learning disabilities inc. Dyslexia ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)
40
Dyslexia:
Difficulty with mentally manipulating words Important for segmentation and blending Difficulty computing long instructions
41
ADHD:
impaired attention, concentration and focus
42
Long-term memory:
Memory potentially stored forever
43
What happens to missing details when we retrieve memory?
Reconstructed Therefore memories change & evolve
44
The longer information stays in working memory, the more likely it will be__?
Stored in LTM
45
Declarative memory (Long-term memory)
Explicit memory Information that you can tell others Facts, events, beliefs
46
2 types of Declarative (explicit) memory:
Episodic Semantic
47
Episodic Memory (Long-term memory -> Declarative Memory Type)
Memories of specific events in our lives Eg. What you did on NYE Feelings of an event
48
Semantic Memory (Long-term memory -> Declarative Memory Type)
Memories of know facts, general knowledge
49
Procedural memory (Long-term memory)
Implicit Memories that you can show by doing
50
3 types of Procedural (Implicit) Memory
Skill Learning Priming Conditioning
51
Skill learning: (Type of Procedural Memory <- Long Term Memory)
Knowing how to ride a bicycle
52
Priming: (Type of Procedural Memory <- Long Term Memory
Changes in responses due to exposure from subtle influences Being more likely to use a word you heard recently
53
Conditioning:
Reflexes Salivating when you see a favourite food
54
Retrieval
Recovering information from LTM (long term memory) and bringing it back to STM (short term memory) /consciousness
55
Recognition
Memory for when something that is currently perceived has been previously encountered or learned
56
Recall
Explicit retrieval of information from LTM
57
Causes for failure in encoding long term memory / everyday memory (2)?
Distraction / Attention (other sensory stimuli) Cognitive Load -> divides our attention between competing sources
58
Simple Decay:
Memories that are lost because they are seldom used or reactivated
59
Intrusion Errors:
Mixing of related, recent memory information into existing episodic memory
60
Replacement Errors:
Memory links are lost via re-categorizing
61
Misinformation Effects -> False Memories (False Memories)
New information might contaminate memory Eg. Assumption of guilt
62
Schematic Fitting -> False Memories (False Memories)
ideas or schemas from our world view that lead to false memories Eg. stereotyping
63
Anterograde Amnesia -> False Memories
Cannot encode new information due to damage to hippocampus
64
Retrograde Amnesia (4) -> False Memories
Can form new memories Lose long-term memory, explicit memory (episodic, semantic) Rare (besides dementia) Caused by emotional dissociation
65
Memory reconstruction:
Only a small amount of information is encoded in long term memory When long-term memory is reactivated, they are brought into WM where additional elements are added
66
Encoding & Retrieval Principles (4)
Elaboration Visual Imagery Self-Relevance Motivation to remember
67
Mnemonic Devices:
Acronyms Initialisms
68
Method of Loci: (Mnemonic Device)
Strategy for memorizing new information Involves imagining yourself placing pieces of information around a room and then visualising yourself walking back through the pick the information up[
69
Networks of association: (Encoding Strategies)
Mind/ word/ semantic/ visual maps
70
Chunking: (Encoding Strategies)
Grouping information together using knowledge stored in LTM Works with delivering instruction

ALHT106 Exam (module 1-12) (11 decks)

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