Module 7 - Motivation Flashcards by Rose Hsieh

What is motivation? (2)

Motive: an internal state that drives goal directed behaviour and thought

Defined by object of motivation (the goal) and the intensity of want/need (urgency, excitement, discomfort)

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How many perspectives of psychology have contributed to modern motivational theory?

All
Psychodynamic Perspective
Behaviourist Perspective
Cognitive Perspective
Humanistic Perspective
Evolutionary Perspective

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Psychodynamic Perspective
(contribution to motivation theories)

Implicit drive theories

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Behaviourist Perspective
(contribution to motivation theories)

Drive Reduction & Incentive Theory

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Cognitive Perspective
(contribution to motivation theories)

Goal-Setting
Expectancy-Value
SDT

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Humanistic Perspective
(contribution to motivation theories)

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

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Evolutionary Perspective
(contribution to motivation theories)

Unique roles for status & fairness

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Which 2 perspectives of psychology contributed to Drive Theories?

Psychodynamic
Behaviourist

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Drives (2):

Desires
Basic internal process that registers a need & creates an internal state of tension in proportion to intensity of that need

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Negative Feedback

Creates drives
Where any detected change from the optimal range triggers a proportional response in the opposite direction (hence negative)
Eg. Biological Need (Not enough Food) -> Negative Feedback (More Food) = Drive

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Homeostasis

A state of biological equilibrium
Sets off negative feedback if biological is not reached

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Freud’s initial drive theories focused on__

Unconscious Drives

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Unconscious drives:

Complex
Partially ambiguous when emerging into consciousness
States of internal tension that build up until satisfied

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Freud’s 2 forms of drive sensations:

Eros (libido)
Thanatos (aggression)

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Eros (2)
(psychodynamic 2 Forms of drive)

Libidinal / Hedonic Desires
Desire to gratify a bodily need for sustenance, pleasure or relief
Eg. Food or sex

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Thanatos (2)
(Psychodynamic 2 Forms of drive)

Aggression / Mastery Desires
Desire to control or destroy unwanted parts of self or environment
Eg. Going to the gym to change body

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What are the 2 subsequent psychodynamic drives besides Eros (Libido) and Thanatos (aggression?

Need for relatedness to others
Need for self esteem

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Drive Reduction Theory:
(Behaviourist)

Physiologically literal and measurable compared the Freud
Separates drives into Primary & Secondary Drives

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Primary Drives (2)
(Behaviourist -> Drive Reduction Theory)

Innate Physiology
Satiable
Hunger (for food), thirst (for water), fatigue (for rest) etc

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Secondary Drives (3)

Learned from association
Insatiable
Money, fancy clothes, luxury items, clout

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Are primary and secondary drives intrinsic or extrinsic motivations?

Extrinsic (it comes from the outside)

Incentive theory

Outlines social learning of secondary drives

Overall contribution of drives to motivation theories (4) behaviourist

Basic building block of motivation theories

Unconsciously computed evaluations of need

Emerge into awareness as feeling of tension/discomfort

Either biologically innate or learned via association

How did cognitive psychology add to motivational theories?

Theories about how we organise our knowledge when our desires are more complex and require multiple planned steps

What are the 3 cognitive theories of motivation?

Goal-setting Theory Expectancy -value theory Self Determination theory

Extrinsic (goal-oriented) Motivation Theories (2): (Cognitive Psychology)

Goal-setting Theory Expectancy -value theory

Intrinsic (Activity-oriented) Motivation Theory (Cognitive Psychology)

Self-Determination Theory

Goal-Setting Theory involves: (2) (3 cognitive theories of motivation)

Imagining future outcomes Plan intermediary steps to reach goal

Expectancy Value Theory involves (2): (3 cognitive theories of motivation)

Motivation is affected by How valuable the goal is (prospect) How plausible (probable) the steps to achieving the goals are Eg. Motivation is greater when goals seem closer or more real

How can Expectancy-value be adaptive?

Adaptive (change to suit conditions) Encouragement -> goal is more plausible/ achievable

How can Expectancy-value be maladaptive?

Maladaptive (cannot adjust adequately to a situation) Negative Stereotypes ->goal is perceived as less plausible

Intrinsic (activity oriented) motivation:

Where actions we are performing are compelling and provide motivation in themselves

3 intrinsic motivations in Self-Determination theory: (3 cognitive theories of motivation)

Autonomy Competence Relatedness

Autonomy (3 intrinsic motivations <- Self-Determination Theory)

Sense that your will has an impact on the world

Competence (3 intrinsic motivations <- Self-Determination Theory)

Sense that you can succeed with moderate effort (not too easy or hard)

Relatedness (3 intrinsic motivations <- Self-Determination Theory)

Sense that your experience is shared with others

More intrinsic motivations =

More motivation

How can extrinsic motivations affect intrinsic motivations?

Extrinsic motivations can undermine intrinsic motivations. Eg. Children who expect rewards for an activity are less likely to engage in the same activity later than those who were intrinsically motivated

Humanistic psychologists contribution to motivation theories:

Focus on positive growth how different needs relate to each Effects of deprivation

Maslow's hierarchy of needs:

Arranges common needs by their order physiological and social priority Lower needs need to be met before you can pursue higher nees

How does evolutionary psychology add to motivation theories?

provides insight to exceptions of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Considers survival and reproductive context of the human species

With evolutionary psychology, what would primates risk safety for?

Status & Fairness We are a social group and may not eat for fear of social rejection or humiliation

Why is motivation relevant to Allied Health Practice?

Client motivation affects their ability to meet health goals Understanding client motivation can optimise health outcomes

Motivation has 2 components

What do people want to do? How strongly do they want to do it? (how do you build motivation?)

Behaviourist approaches to motivation: (2)

Motivation comes from conditioned (learned) responses in our past Reinforcements can drive motivation and shape behaviour Eg. Stickers, verbal praises

Cognitive approaches to motivation:

Motivation comes from Goal Setting Theory Expectancy-Value Theory Self-Determination Theory

Goal setting theory (motivation in AH)

Motivation comes from goals and goal setting

Expectancy-Value Theory (motivation in AH)

Set Just right challenge tasks (not too hard and not too easy)

Self Determination Theory (motivation in AH)

Consider Intrinsic & Extrinsic motivations Increase Intrinsic motivations by providing intervention activities that have a purpose -> intrinsic motivation (sense of achievement from completing activity)

How do you increase 3 needs for intrinsic motivation (Competence, Relatedness & Autonomy) in AHA activities?

Competence: Just right challenge Relatedness: with others - relationships Autonomy: provide choice

Which one is more important, Extrinsic or Intrinsic Motivation

Self Determination Theory is well supported in research. Intrinsic motivation will lead to long term behaviour vs continuous extrinsic rewards