module 11 pt 2

Question 1

pathogen

Answer 1

microbial parasites that cause disease or tissue damage in a host

Question 2

pathogenicity

Answer 2

ability of a parasite to inflict damage on a host

Question 3

virulence

Answer 3

the relative ability of a pathogen to cause disease

Question 4

opportunistic pathogen

Answer 4

causes disease only in absence of normal host resistance

Question 5

infection

Answer 5

microorganism is established and growing in a host, whether or not the host is harmed

Question 6

disease

Answer 6

damage or injury to the host that impairs host function

Question 7

what is an ID

Answer 7

the minimum number of organisms required to cause an infection in the host

Question 8

what are the pathogens various stargetegies to establish virulence

Answer 8

adherence
invasion
multiplication

Question 9

how effective is adherence ?

Answer 9

it is necessary, but not sufficient to start disease

Question 10

what do bacteria and viruses normally adhere to?

Answer 10

epithelial cells

Question 11

what can biofilm growth be

Answer 11

adhesion factor

Question 12

what do fimbriae do

Answer 12

promote adherence

Question 13

what helps microbial adherence to host tissues

Answer 13

capsules and fimbriae

Question 14

whats an example of a bacteria that uses capsules to prevent phagocytosis

Answer 14

S. pneumonia

Question 15

what are adhesions

Answer 15

glycoprotein or lipoproteins found on the pathogens surface that enable it to bind to host cells

Question 16

how does N gonorrhoea adhere

Answer 16

mucosal epithelial cells
opa protein and pili

Question 17

how do pathogens adhere to host

Answer 17

specific receptor molecules on the cells surface

Question 18

why does neisseria gonorrhoea adhere only to mucosal epithelial cells in the genital tract, eye, rectum, and throat

Answer 18

Opa surface proteins bind to CD66 host protein found on the surface of urogenital epithelial cells

Question 19

what is colonization

Answer 19

the growth of microorganisms after they’ve gained access to host tissues

Question 20

when does biofilm formation happen (stages?)

Answer 20

in colonization

Question 21

what are the 2 key microorganisms that contribute to dental caries

Answer 21

lactic acid bacteria S. sobrinus and S. mutans

Question 22

how do S. sobrinus attach

Answer 22

it has a capsule adhesion that is specific for host salivary glycoproteins

Question 23

how do S. mutans attach

Answer 23

produces dextran to adhere to teeth

Question 24

what allows for the production of the capsule and dextran

Answer 24

sugar

Question 25

is the infection ion process considered disease

Answer 25

no because it is growing but might not cause disease (disease is when the growing in host causes damage and injury that impairs host function)

Question 26

what do most pathogens depend on

Answer 26

nutrients availability

Question 27

what is bacteremia

Answer 27

the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream

Question 28

what is septicemia

Answer 28

blood borne systemic infection

Question 29

what can septicemia lead to

Answer 29

massive inflammation septic shock and death

Question 30

what is invasion

Answer 30

the ability of a pathogen to spread and cause disease (growth in host tissue at densities that inhibit host function)

Question 31

what are the enzymes that enhance virulence by breaking down or altering host tissue to provide access to nutrients (5)

Answer 31

hyaluronidase collagenase protease nuclease lipase

Question 32

what protects the pathogen by interfering with normal host defence mechanisms such as clotting

Answer 32

coagulase - produced by S. aureus

Question 33

what are salmonella pathogenicity islands

Answer 33

distinct genomic regions that contain clusters of genes responsible for virulence

Question 34

where are salmonella pathogenicity islands located

Answer 34

usually on bacterial chromosomes

Question 35

how are SPIs typically queried

Answer 35

horizontal gene transfer

Question 36

what do SP1 do

Answer 36

invade host cells and change its function to promote bacterial entry

Question 37

what do SP2s do

Answer 37

involved in survival and replication in host cells such as macrophages

Question 38

attenuation

Answer 38

the decrease or loss of virulence

Question 39

what is attenuation used for

Answer 39

virulence in vaccine production

Question 40

how does attenuation work

Answer 40

when pathogens are kept in laboratory culture their virulence decreases