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BMSC 210 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

(96 cards)

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1
Q

If you want very high magnification and molecular detail, which kind of microscope do you use?

A

Electron

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2
Q

What was Pasteurs experiment for theory of spontaneous generation?

A

He used a swan neck flask that was open to “life force” but prevented microbe entry

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3
Q

What did Robert Hooke observe and come up with?

A
  • the term cell
  • the cell theory
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4
Q

What is the “nucleus” of a prokaryotic cell called?

A

Nucleoid

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5
Q

Which domains are in prokaryotic cells

A

Bacteria + archaea

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6
Q

What is the shape of a coccus?

A

Round

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7
Q

What is the shape of a bacillus

A

Rod

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8
Q

What is the shape of a vibrio?

A

Curved rod

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9
Q

What is the shape of a coccobacillus?

A

Short rod (small roundish rod)

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10
Q

What is the shape of a spirillum?

A

Spiral

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11
Q

What is the shape of a spirochete?

A

Long, loose, helical spiral

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12
Q

What is a streptococcus?

A

Chain of cocci

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13
Q

What is a staphylococcus?

A

Cluster of cocci (coccus)

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14
Q

Are all bacteria microscopic?

A

Nope

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15
Q

Do prokaryotes have inclusions and compartments? What are they used for?

A

Yes they act like organelles in eukaryotes. Energy storage, gas vesicles

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16
Q

What is an Endospore?

A

A resistant spore that developed inside cells (mainly bacteria cells)

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17
Q

Is it gram negative or gram positive Endospore?

A

There are only gram positive spores

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18
Q

When does a spore become a cell?

A

Germination

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19
Q

At which step can you inhibit spore formation?

A

The first step (asymmetrical division)

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20
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

A

Some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes

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21
Q

Bacteria and eukarya have what kind of linkages

A

Ester linkages

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22
Q

Archaea have what kind of linkages?

A

Ether linkages

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23
Q

What are the energy independent transports

A

Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion

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24
Q

What is antiport?

A

2 molecules of the same charge going separate directions through a channel

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25
What is symport?
2 molecules of opposite charge going the same direction through a channel
26
What can't get through the cell membrane?
Hydrophilic molecules and charged molecules
27
What does ABC transporter stand for?
ATP binding cassette transporter
28
Why is it called ABC transporter?
Needs ATP to bind to the carrier protein to let the molecule in
29
What's the energy source in group translocation
Phosphate group
30
What is unique to bacteria?
Peptidoglycan
31
What is mycoplasma missing?
A cell wall and peptidoglycan
32
What does chlamydia have? What is it missing?
It has peptidoglycan but no cell wall
33
What is unique to gram positive bacteria?
Teichoic acid
34
What is unique to gram negative bacteria?
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O antigen/lipid A
35
What are the sugars in gram positive and gram negative bacteria?
NAG and NAM
36
What's different between the peptidoglycan structures of gram positive and gram negative bacteria?
Gram positive has pentapeptide
37
What's unique to archaea?
Pseudomeurine
38
What sugars are present in pseudomurein?
NAG and NAT
39
What can act as a cell wall for archaea?
S-layer
40
What is pseudomure in resistant to?
Lysozyme cleavage
41
What is in the cell wall of fungi?
Chitin
42
Is fungi cell wall anything like bacteria?
Nope- completely different
43
What is LPs also called? Why?
An endotoxin. If there's too much LPS in your blood, it can lead to septic shock
44
What is unique to acid fast bacteria?
Mycolic acids
45
What does mycolic acid do?
Provides the cell with an extra wax layer
46
What is most resistant to an antibiotic that only targets the cell wall?
Well first, fungi because antibiotics only target bacteria. Other answer would be mycoplasma because it has no cell wall to target
47
if I need to stain a sample, but require it to be alive, what are my options for microscopy?
fluorescence
48
what is the theory of spontaneous generation?
life can arise from non living matter
49
what was Pasteurs experiment ? why did he do it and what did he conclude
for spontaneous generation he did it to try and prove his own theory of spontaneous generation using a swan neck flask to prevent microbe entry he concluded that life only comes from life
50
who came up with the cell theory ?
Robert hooke
51
what's the endosymbiotic theory?
states that mitochondria and chloroplasts arise from bacteria. it explains the origin of eukaryotic cells
52
what is a characteristic of endospores
they are very resistant to changes in environment
53
are vegitative cells sensitive ?
yep
54
how many parts to endospore formation?
6 asymmetric division engulfment maturation mother lysis cell germination binary fission
55
what is replication in bacteria called?
binary fission
56
at which step can you inhibit spore formation?
asymmetrical division
57
what are the energy independent transports (passive) (2)
diffusion facilitated diffusion
58
what ae the energy dependant transports ? (active) (2)
primary and secondary
59
what molecules don't make it through simple diffusion?
hydrophilic and charged molecules
60
is passive diffusion efficient for bacteria to enter cell?
no they cannot get through - it is inefficient
61
what are the limitations for facilitated diffusion? (2)
size and charge of the molecule specificity of the channel
62
what's the source of energy for active transport?
ATP
63
is anti port and symport active transport?
yes
64
what is group translocation used by?
bacteria
65
what is group translocation?
active transport in which the molecule coming through is chemically modified while coming through the membrane
66
how does the sugar stay in the membrane once in during group translocation?
it gets phosphorylated
67
does gram positive or gram negative have a thick cell wall
gram positive
68
what is the target of lysosomes ?
bacteria
69
why is gram negative bacteria more resistant than gram positive to an antibiotic that targets the cell wall?
because gram positive cell wall is directly exposed to the environment. gram negative has an outermembrane
70
what do antibiotics only target
bacteria
71
what is an s layer composed of?
proteins
72
where is an s layer found (if present)
the outer most layer of the cell
73
where do s layers act as cell walls
archaea
74
where are s layers present
archaea mostly but sometimes bacteria
75
is an s layer tightly attached?
yes
76
what is a capsule made of
polysaccharides
77
what Is the slime made of?
polysaccarides
78
is the capsule or s layer tightly attached?
capsule is strongly attached to the cell
79
what can the "cell wall" of archaea be
s layer or pseudomeurine
80
what is pili
long structure on bacteria surface
81
where is pili found
in gram negative bacteria
82
what does pili do for movement?
twitching motility
83
where is the flagella? how does it work?
bacteria - rotates
84
how can we identify bacteria?
by how many flagella are on them
85
what is the movement that uses a flagella?
tumbling, running/swimming
86
what secretion is flagellum related to
type III
87
what is the energy of flagellum from?
proton motor force
88
where is the energy of archaellum from?
ATP
89
what pili is archaellum related to? secretion?
type IV pili, Type II
90
what are the surface movements
twitching and gliding
91
what pili is related to twitching?
type IV pili
92
where does the energy come from for twitching?
ATP
93
what does twitching look like ?
extend then pull
94
where does the energy come from for gliding ?
proton motor force
95
what does gliding look like
a continuous movement
96
what is taxis
movement in result of sensing and responding to gradients

BMSC 210 (16 decks)

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