module 10 pt 2

Question 1

what is biosafety 1

Answer 1

used in teaching laboratories

barrier protection (cloves, coat, safety glasses)

Question 2

what is biosafety 2

Answer 2

moderate risk pathogens

barrier protections + manipulations that might generate aerosols must be performed in a biological safety cabinet

Question 3

biosafety 3

Answer 3

emerging and high risk pathogens

barrier protection
negatively pressurized lab fitted with filters to prevent pathogen escape
safety cabinet for manipulations

Question 4

biosafety 4

Answer 4

emerging and high risk pathogens, especially those spread by aerosols, for which there is no treatment, cure, or vaccine

barrier protection
manipulations must be performed in a sealed safety cabinet and by personnel wearing positive pressure suits fitted with an air supply

Question 5

what are some pathogens that can be identified by microscope

Answer 5

neisseria gonorrhoea
tuberculosis

Question 6

what are the two types of identifying microorganisms by culture

Answer 6

general purpose media
enriched media

Question 7

what is general purpose media

Answer 7

support growth of most aerobic or facultatively aerobic organisms

blood agar

Question 8

what is an enriched media

Answer 8

contain specific growth factors that enhance growth of certain pathogens

Question 9

what is a selective medium

Answer 9

restricts the growth to a particular phenotype of interest

ex. MB inhibits gram positive so we can only see gram negative

Question 10

what is a differential medium

Answer 10

does not restrict growth but permits the identification of a particular phenotype

ex. distinguishing

Question 11

what do you do to assess sugar fermentation

Answer 11

differential media

Question 12

what are miniaturized media kits

Answer 12

kits that allow rapid identification of clinical isolates by running multiple tests on the specimen at the same time

Question 13

how can urinary tract pathogens be cultured

Answer 13

using general purpose media, selective media

Question 14

what is the Thayer Martin medium used for

Answer 14

to culture neisseria gonorrhoea

its a selective medium that contains antibiotics that inhibit the growth of other bacteria

Question 15

what is genital specimens non selective medium

Answer 15

chocolate agar

Question 16

what can be used to determine if neisseria gonorrhoea is present

Answer 16

direct microscopic examination (can be detected for males)
non selective enriched media like chocolate agar
selective medium like Thayer Martin

Question 17

what is PCR used for

Answer 17

a diagnostic

Question 18

what is quantitative PCR

Answer 18

to quantify the amount of DNA or RNA in a sample

it generates an amplification curve that shows an increase in fluorescence as PCR progresses

Question 19

what is qualitative PCR

Answer 19

used to detect the presence or absence of a specific DNA sequence in a sample

it exploits nucleotide polymorphisms and compares the patients sample to the pathogens DNA to determine which pathogen has infected the individual

Question 20

what is serology

Answer 20

the study of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro

Question 21

what is skin testing

Answer 21

methode for determining exposure to a pathogen

Question 22

can all pathogens always be seen in skin testing

Answer 22

no

Question 23

what is a precipitation reaction

Answer 23

an antibody antigen reaction leading ti the formation of a visible precipitate

Question 24

what is passive/indirect agglutination

Answer 24

antigens of interest are also soluble so they need to be absorbed by a carrier and then put together

bound to red blood cells (carrier cells)

Question 25

direct agglutination

Answer 25

soluble antibodies binding to soluble antigens that are bound to the surface of cells

Question 26

what is sensitivity also called

Answer 26

true positive rate

Question 27

what does sensitivity (true positive rate) refer to

Answer 27

the ability of a test to correctly identify individuals who have a disease or condition

Question 28

specificity means what

Answer 28

the ability for a test to correctly identify individuals who do not have a disease or condition

Question 29

what is specificity also called

Answer 29

true negative rate

Question 30

is direct or indirect agglutination more sensitive

Answer 30

Indirect

Question 31

what is direct agglutination usually used for

Answer 31

classification of the antigens found on the surface of red blood cells

Question 32

where can neutralization reactions happen

Answer 32

in vivo or in vitro

Question 33

what does chemically modifying antigens with fluorescent dye do

Answer 33

can help detect antigens on intact cells

Question 34

what test mechanism has high specificity and sensitivity

Answer 34

fluorescent

Question 35

what is an EIA

Answer 35

general term referring to any immunoassays that uses an enzyme linked system to detect the presence of a target antigen or antibody

Question 36

ELISA

Answer 36

specific type of EIA used to detect amounts of soluble antigens and antibodies in samples

Question 37

whats specific about ELISA

Answer 37

particular assay format solid phase (microplate) to immobilize the antigen or antibody

Question 38

where is body fluid applied on a rapid test

Answer 38

support matrix

Question 39

when does a color form in rapid tests

Answer 39

concentration of chromophore gets high enough

Question 40

what is immunoblot

Answer 40

isolation of protein, then transferred to a membrane where specific antibodies are then added for detection