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AFN Chem & Physics > Module 12 > Flashcards

Module 12 Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Definition- heat transfer involving electromagnetic waves

A

Radiation

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2
Q

All objects emit energy via _____

A

Radiation

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3
Q

_______ _____ are produced when charged particles are accelerated

A

Electromagnetic waves

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4
Q

Electromagnetic waves are composed of….

A

Mutually perpendicular electric and magnetic fields

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5
Q

________ ______ have properties of both waves and particles but are neither waves nor particles

A

Electromagnetic waves

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6
Q

At what speed do all electromagnetic waves move at the same speed through a vacuum?

A

(C) the speed of light (3.00x10^8 m/s)

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7
Q

C= the speed of light=

A

3x10^8 m/s

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8
Q

Wavelength;

A

Distance required for wave to repeat itself (meters), distance between peaks and troughs

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9
Q

Period (T):

A

Time required for a wave to repeat itself (seconds)

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10
Q

Frequency (f):

A

Number of wave cycles that occur in 1 second (Hz)

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11
Q

This determines the energy of radiation, and therefore the potential for cellular damage

A

Frequency

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12
Q

Velocity

A

(Meters/second)

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13
Q

Name the four electromagnetic wave properties

A

Wavelength (m), period (s), frequency (hz), velocity (m/s)

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14
Q

Frequency & wavelength are ______ proportional

A

Inversely

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15
Q

Increased frequency = _________ wavelength

A

Shorter

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16
Q

Increased frequency = ________radiation

A

Increased

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17
Q

Decreased frequency = _________ wavelength

A

Longer

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18
Q

Decreased frequency= ________ radiation

A

Lower

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19
Q

Law of energy conservation (equation)

A

E=mc^2

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20
Q

Law of energy conservation

A

Amount of energy In the universe if constant, cannot be created or destroyed, but can be converted (ie from matter to energy and vice versa)

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21
Q

Atomic mass number (A):

A

An integer equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus

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22
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons. Determines the element

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23
Q

Nucleon

A

Describes both neutrons & protons in the nucleus (atomic particles)

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24
Q

This is the general description of an atom- defined by atomic number, number of neutrons, and energy state of the nucleus

A

NUCLIDE

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25
Isotope
Nuclides with same Z but with different N and A. | Identical electron configuration with similar chemical properties
26
Isotone
Nuclides with the same number N but different Z. | Different element with different chemical properties
27
Radionuclides
Nuclides that decay
28
Most Nuclides are ______ stable and _____ by splitting apart
Not | Decay
29
Nuclides emit ________ and/or _________ ________
Subatomic particles | Electromagnetic radiation
30
When ______ forces exceed ______ forces, the nucleus is unstable leading to _______ ________.
Repulsive Attractive Radioactive decay
31
Nucleus must balance _______ & _______ forces
Attractive | Repulsive
32
Repulsive forces=
Protons that repel each other
33
Strong nuclear force binds ______ together
Nucleons
34
Attractive nuclear force only successful over ________ distances
Very short distances | So short they are almost in contact
35
Radionuclides:
Nuclides that decay
36
Radioactive decay;______ process of an ____ nucleus moving from a level of _______ energy to one of ______ energy
Spontaneous Unstable Higher Lower
37
Radioactive is decay achieved by several means ; list 3
Fragmentation (fission) Emission Of subatomic particles Emission of electromagnetic radiation
38
5 types of decay (in this lecture)
``` Alpha Beta (-) Positron Electron capture Gamma ray ```
39
Alpha decay
Emission of alpha particles by parent nucleus | 
40
Beta (-) decay
Radioactive decay process in which the nucleus emits an electron
41
Positron decay
1 anti- electron (+ charge but same mass as an electron) is decayed A proton turns into a neutron and releases a positively charged positron
42
Positron
Anti-particle of electron Basic example of antimatter (Identical mass but opposite charge of corresponding particle)
43
Electron capture decay
A competing process to positron decay, results in an increase in neutron to proton ratio in the nucleus. (A nucleus in an excited state can D excite and emit a photon of electromagnetic radiation called a gamma ray) An electron turns a proton into a neutron
44
Official SI unit of decay rate
Becquerel (Bq)
45
Decay rate is equal to the # of ______ __________ per unit time
Radioactive decay/disintegration
46
Historical unit of decay, much larger than (Bq), still in use today
Curie (Ci)
47
Decay rate depends on two factors-
Quantity of material | Decay constant, which is unique to each nucleotide
48
______-______ (t 1/2) is a measurement tool for radioactive decay
Half-life
49
Half life (t 1/2) is defined as ….
The time required for an initial number of atoms to decay such that only half of the initial number of atoms remain
50
Relationship between Half life and decay constant
t 1/2 X ¥ = 0.693
51
Why do we need half life measurements?
Because the decay of a single radio nuclide in a large collection of atoms is not readily predictable and can have enormous variation
52
Name the three types of radioactive materials
Primordial radionuclides Cosmogenic radionuclides Anthropogenic radionuclides
53
Primordial radionuclides…
Exist since the earliest times of earth and solar system Very long half lives Ex EXCELLENT time measurement tools due to known half lives and decay properties
54
Cosmogenic radionuclides
Formed when radiation from space interacts with matter | Ex Carbon dating 
55
Anthropogenic radionuclides
Occur in the environment as a result of human activity | Ex. Nuclear medicine, electricity generated by nuclear power stations, nuclear weapons testing
56
What type of radioactive material uses of carbon dating
Cosmogenic radionuclides
57
This type of radioactive material is excellent time measurement tool due to its known half life and decay properties
Primordial radionuclides
58
Examples of this radioactive material are nuclear medicine and electricity generated by nuclear power stations and nuclear weapons testing
Anthropogenic radionuclides
59
Low energy photons can be absorbed by matter resulting in an increase in internal energy
Non-ionizing radiation
60
Examples of non-ionizing radiation
Microwave, infrared, visible and ultraviolet
61
This type of radiation is defined by its lack of sufficient energy to remove electrons so no ions are formed
Non-ionizing radiation
62
Harmful effects of UV radiation
Skin cancer and cataracts
63
Definition: Sufficient energy per photon or particle to remove electrons from atoms or molecules
Ionizing radiation
64
What type of radiation is most destructive and can result in Cell DNA damage, chromosome changes, and/or malignant growth
Ionizing radiation
65
Alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays
Ionizing radiation (aka all have sufficient energy per photon or particle to remove electrons from atoms or molecules)
66
High energy photons released from electron transitions involving the innermost or core electrons
X rays
67
High energy photons produced from transition of electrons from higher quantum energy level to a lower quantum energy level
Gamma rays
68
Law of Bergonie & Tribondeau
Different types of cells display varying sensitivity to ionizing radiation
69
What 3 factors affect radiation on biological system
Type of radiation Exposure level Type of biological material
70
Definition: Biological effects due to radiation exposure ranging from repairable damage, permanent damage, up to cell death
Somatic effects
71
Definition: Cell damage involved with reproduction can result a mutation Passed on to future generations
Genetic effects
72
Products of radiation interaction with the water inside our bodies (majority of cell)
Ions, free radicals, atoms and molecules in excited states
73
Two types of cells that are most sensitive to radiation…
Rapidly dividing cells (gonads, fetus, lens of eye) AND cells that are not replaced (ovaries, cns) Both exhibit enhanced sensitivity to radiations

AFN Chem & Physics (21 decks)

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