Module 8 Flashcards by Cooper Hewett

The study of the chemistry that occurs in living systems

Biochemistry

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What are the 4 categories of biomolecules

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids

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Type of biomolecule used for energy storage and structure

Carbohydrates

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Type of biomolecule that are structural elements and chemical catalysts (enzymes)

Proteins

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Type of biomolecule that forms chemical genetic code through H-bonding

Nucleic Acids

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Type of biomolecule characterized primarily by physical properties pertaining to solubility and polarity

Lipids

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Type of biomolecule that are ketones or aldehydes w/ multiple alcohol groups

Carbohydrates

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Type of biomolecule that contain amine and carboxylic acids functional groups

Proteins

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Cx(H2O)y

Carbohydrates

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An enzyme is a ______

Protein

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______ are polymers of amino acids

Proteins

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_______ are polymers joined together by phosphate ester linkages

Nucleic acids

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_______ are the architects and construction contractors of proteins.

Nucleic acids

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______ are biomolecules that are more soluble in organic solvents, such as ether, than in water.

Lipids

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_______ are largely composed of nonpolar hydrocarbon functional groups, in addition to a small proportion of polar functional groups

Lipids

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Glucose is a ________

Monosaccharide

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Sucrose (table sugar) is a ________

Disaccharide

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_________ are sugars that cannot easily be broken down into simpler sugars.

Monosaccharides

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_________ are composed of two monosaccharides joined by an acetal or ketal link-age

Disaccharides

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_________ are chains composed of many (hundreds or thousands) monosaccharide units

Polysaccharides

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Starches and cellulose are both ________

Polysaccharides

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The structural material in plant matter and the major component of dietary fiber

Cellulose

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A _______ is a polymer of glucose that we can digest: glycogen and amylopectin

Starch

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Most of the carbon atoms in sugars have a ________ geometry

tetrahedral

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The three-dimensional structure of carbohydrates is commonly depicted using ______ projections

Fischer

_______ are essentially a 2D representation of a 3D model

Fischer projections

topological property of an object that the mirror image differs

Chirality

Same number of atoms but different arrangement of atoms

Isomers

Molecules with same formula, but different 3-D atomic arrangement

Stereoisomers

Pairs of stereoisomers that are chiral

Enantiomers

A _______ mixture contains equal amounts of the (+) enantiomer and the (−) enantiomer and has the designation (±)

Racemic

Enantiomers that rotate polarized light in a clockwise direction (to the right) are called the ________ isomer and labeled as the (+) enantiomer

dextrorotatory

Dextrorotatory isomers rotate polarized light in a ______ direction (to the ______)

clockwise | right

The enantiomer that rotates polarized light in a counterclockwise direction (to the left) is called the ________ isomer and is labeled as the (−) enantiomer

levorotatory

Levorotatory isomers rotate polarized light in a _______ direction (to the ______)

counterclockwise | left

The isomer that is the + enantiomer

dextrorotatory

The isomer that is the - enantiomer

levorotatory

Etomidate is administered as an optically pure R(?) isomer (+ or -)

R(+)

Carbohydrates belong to the ______-handed family

right-handed

Amino acids belong to the ______-handed family

left-handed

(?) isoflurane is 2-fold more effective than the (?) isomer (+ or -)

(+) | -

In a chiral molecule, a carbon is a _______ when it has 4 groups

stereocenter (or chiral center) (This was from the powerpoint, however online resources call this a chiral center specifically. I would know both terminologies)

In the IUPAC system for naming the configuration around a stereocenter, R stands for _______-handed

Right-handed

In the IUPAC system for naming the configuration around a stereocenter, S stands for _______-handed

Left-handed

(T/F) Two enantiomers of the same drug can have different pharmacokinetic effects

True

(T/F) Dexmedetomidine is the dextro-enantiomer of medetomidine

True

Glucose rotates to the right and is also known as ______

Dextrose

Fructose rotates to the left and was formerly known as ______

Levulose

The phenomenon of enantiomers tilting polarized light in opposite directions is known as _________

Optical activity

Is a racemic mixture or drug optically active?

No (since racemic mixtures contain both enantiomers, the opposite rotation cancels each other out, leaving a (+-) mixture that is not optically active)

(T/F) Bupivacaine is a racemic mixture

True

This drug is a R(-) enantiomer of 1-propyl-2’6’-pipecoloxylidide

Ropivacaine

This drug is a S(-) enantiomer of 1-butyl-2’6’-pipecoloxylidide

Levobupivacaine

(T/F) Lipids are hydrophobic

True

What are the two categories of lipids

Saponifiable & nonsaponifiable

Name the 3 saponifiable lipids

triglycerides waxes phospholipids

Name the 3 nonsaponifiable lipids

steroids prostaglandins fat-soluble vitamins

These type of lipids are esters composed of glycerin and fatty acids

Glycerides

1 fatty acid + glycerin

Monoglyceride

2 fatty acids + glycerin

Diglycerides

3 fatty acids + glycerin

Triglycerides

__________ are more commonly called fats or oils

Triglycerides

A _____ is a triglyceride that comes from animal sources, has a higher percentage of saturated fatty acids, and is a solid at room temperature

Fat

An _____ is a triglyceride that generally comes from plant sources, contains a larger percentage of unsaturated fatty acids, and is a liquid at room temperature

Oil

_________ are long-chained carboxylic acids.

Fatty acids

Naturally occurring fatty acids always have an ______ number of carbon atoms

Even

________ fatty acids have carbon chains that contain only carbon–carbon single bonds

Saturated

________ fatty acids have carbon chains that contain at least one carbon–carbon double bond

Unsaturated

__________ fatty acids have one carbon–carbon double bond in the chain

Monounsaturated

__________ fatty acids have two or more double bonds in the carbon chain

polyunsaturated

Naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids have the ____ double-bond configuration

cis

The cis double-bond configuration means what?

Both H are on the same side of the double-bond

Saponification means “_____ forming”

Soap

Since triglycerides are esters, they can undergo a reaction called saponification, which is hydrolysis by aqueous _____________

sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

Most detergents are derived from ________

triglycerides

_________ are similar in structure to the glycerides, except that one of the fatty acid residues has been replaced by a phosphate ester group

Phospholipids

This type of lipid is common in cellular membranes because of its surfactant properties

Phospholipids

__________ can form barriers to separate the aqueous cytoplasm from the aqueous extracellular fluid while facilitating the transport of ionic and polar materials through the membrane

phospholipids

Phosphatidylcholine, also known as _______, is a typical phospholipid

lecithin

Characterized by (cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene) three 6-membered rings fused to 5-membered ring

Steroids

Some common ______ include cholesterol, estrogen, and testosterone

steroids

Cholesterol is transported in the blood as a _________, which is an aggregate of water-soluble proteins, cholesterol, and other lipids, including tri-glycerides

lipoprotein

_______ are denser than _______, so the ratio of protein to lipid determines the classification of the lipoprotein

Proteins | Lipids

High-density lipoproteins (HDL) have a _______ protein-to-lipid ratio than low-density lipoproteins (LDL)

Greater

High levels of _____ are indicative of potential heart problems, not because of a different form of cholesterol, but because they are more likely to dump their load of cholesterol into the arteries, leading to plaque formation and atherosclerosis

LDL

Sex hormones are _______

Steroids

Cortisol and aldosterone are _______

steroids

__________ are powerful, but short-lived, hormones in mammalian systems that were first isolated from seminal fluid

Prostaglandins

The name prostaglandins is derived from “____________”

Prostate gland

Prostaglandins are synthesized in vivo from an _________ fatty acid called arachidonic acid

unsaturated

The identifying structural feature of a ___________ is a five-membered ring with a seven-carbon side chain, R7 (often ending in a carboxylic acid group) adjacent to an eight-carbon chain, R8

prostaglandin

____________ play a key role in the generation of the inflammatory response

Prostaglandins

This type of lipid allows the transport of ionic and polar materials through the membrane

phospholipids

Module 8 Flashcards

(93 cards)