Module 8 Part 2

Question 1

Principle aim in eating fat and sugar is ______ content

Answer 1

energy

Question 2

Carbohydrates and triglycerides are metabolized through primarily _______ reactions

Answer 2

oxidation

Question 3

The main high-energy molecule is adenosine triphosphate, more commonly known as _____

Answer 3

ATP

Question 4

The role of ____________ is to shuttle the carbons from metabolism of glucose and fatty acids into the Krebs Cycle

Answer 4

acetyl coenzyme A

Question 5

______ stores and transports chemical energy within cells and plays an important role in synthesis of nucleic acids

Answer 5

ATP

Question 6

Several reactions in metabolism are oxidation–reduction (or ______) reactions

Answer 6

redox

Question 7

Name the two principle redox carriers in metabolism

Answer 7

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) 
coenzyme Q (CoQ)

Question 8

The added hydrogen on NADH is the energized form that can feed into the electron transport chain to synthesize _____

Answer 8

ATP

Question 9

_____ is the energized form of CoQ that can feed into the electron transport chain to synthesize ATP

Answer 9

QH2

Question 10

Oxidation = _____ of electrons

Answer 10

loss

Question 11

Reduction = _____ of electrons

Answer 11

gain

Question 12

↑ # of bonds to O

↓ # of bonds to H

Answer 12

Oxidation

Question 13

↓ # of bonds to O

↑ # of bonds to H

Answer 13

Reduction

Question 14

NAD+ is reduced into _____ (increased bonds to H)

Answer 14

NADH

Question 15

Carbohydrates are converted into _______, which feeds the glycolysis pathway

Answer 15

glucose

Question 16

The six carbons in glucose are broken down into 2, three-carbon molecules of _______ acid, along with 2 molecules each of _____ and ______ for each glucose molecule metabolized

Answer 16

pyruvic acid
ATP
NADH

Question 17

Under anaerobic conditions, the pyruvic acid is reduced to _________, which consumes the NADH produced

Answer 17

lactic acid

Question 18

________ metabolism is highly inefficient because the more energetically valuable of the two high-energy products (NADH) is consumed

Answer 18

Anaerobic

Question 19

Under aerobic conditions, the pyruvic acid is converted into _________. This pathway (specifically this reaction) also provides an NADH, along with ________

Answer 19

acetyl CoA

carbon dioxide

Question 20

The acetyl CoA molecules feed the __________

Answer 20

Krebs Cycle

Question 21

Also known as the citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle

Answer 21

Krebs Cycle

Question 22

Main aerobic energy producing pathway driven by Acetyl CoA

Answer 22

Krebs Cycle

Question 23

One glucose molecule can drive ____ rounds of Krebs Cycle

Answer 23

2

Question 24

One molecule of stearic acid can drive ____ rounds of Krebs Cycle

Answer 24

9

Question 25

NADH and QH2 both require ______ to convert their stored energy into ATP.

Answer 25

oxygen

Question 26

Each turn of Krebs Cycle makes ____ ATP molecule(s), ___ NADH molecule(s), ____ QH2 molecule(s)

Answer 26

1 ATP 3 NADH 1 QH2

Question 27

Each NADH makes ____ ATP

Answer 27

2.5 ATP

Question 28

Each QH2 makes ____ ATP

Answer 28

1.5 ATP

Question 29

Each acetyl CoA is worth ____ ATP total

Answer 29

10 ATP

Question 30

_______ serve many roles in living systems, from transport molecules, such as hemoglobin, to structural and locomotion tissues, to enzymes that are necessary to catalyze virtually every chemical process that living organisms carry out.

Answer 30

Proteins

Question 31

The primary structure of a protein is the sequence of amino acids in the _________

Answer 31

peptide chain

Question 32

sickle cell anemia is caused by the substitution of a single amino acid in the ________ chain

Answer 32

hemoglobin

Question 33

an amide bond formed between the amino group of one and the carboxyl group of another amino acid

Answer 33

Peptide bond

Question 34

When two amino acids are joined together, the protein is a _________

Answer 34

dipeptide

Question 35

When three amino acids are joined together, the protein is a ________

Answer 35

tripeptide

Question 36

When many amino acids are joined together, the protein is a ________

Answer 36

polypeptide

Question 37

There are only about _____ common amino acids

Answer 37

20

Question 38

Amino acids contain two organic functional groups: an ________ group and a ________ group

Answer 38

amine carboxylic acid

Question 39

Each amino acid has a unique ________ that gives the amino acid its characteristic physical and chemical properties

Answer 39

side chain

Question 40

Naturally occurring amino acids belong to the ___-family

Answer 40

L-family

Question 41

All amino acids (except _______) are chiral

Answer 41

glycine

Question 42

The secondary structure of a protein is how the polypeptide chain is “________”

Answer 42

twisted

Question 43

What are the two common types of secondary protein structures

Answer 43

alpha helix | beta pleated sheet

Question 44

A type of molecule that has a non-superposable mirror image

Answer 44

Chiral molecule

Question 45

Propofol is made from soybean oil and a phospholipid called egg ________

Answer 45

lecithin

Question 46

What is the most efficient means of carbohydrate metabolism?

Answer 46

Aerobic metabolism (uses acetyl CoA to produce 10 ATP)

Question 47

This level of protein structure is how the alpha helices and beta sheets are folded into a compact structure

Answer 47

Tertiary structure

Question 48

This level of protein structure, like the structure of hemoglobin, contains more than one amino acid chain

Answer 48

Quaternary protein structures

Question 49

Specialized proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in living systems

Answer 49

Enzymes

Question 50

Enzymes are globular proteins with folded peptide chains into the active site of the enzyme called the _________

Answer 50

chiral pocket

Question 51

The specificity of specific substrate molecules is due to the __________ of an enzyme

Answer 51

chiral pocket (or active cite)

Question 52

An enzymes chiral pocket also contains specific key _________ chains

Answer 52

amino acid

Question 53

__________ function in protein synthesis

Answer 53

nucleic acids

Question 54

______ is the “Blueprint” for synthesis of proteins

Answer 54

DNA

Question 55

______ is the “contractor” for construction

Answer 55

RNA

Question 56

______ is a biopolymer of phosphate sugars

Answer 56

DNA

Question 57

________ is the structural sugar in DNA

Answer 57

2-deoxyribose

Question 58

_______ reads the instructions for synthesis encoded on a strand of DNA and carries those instructions to the cytoplasm and is synthesized in the nucleus directly from DNA

Answer 58

m-RNA

Question 59

______ ushers the amino acids into the polypeptide chain and is present in the cytoplasm

Answer 59

t-RNA

Question 60

section of DNA that contains enough information to make 1 protein

Answer 60

Gene

Question 61

A 3-base pair in m-RNA that codes for an amino acid

Answer 61

Codon

Question 62

A 3-base sequence in t-RNA that matches a codon

Answer 62

Anticodon

Question 63

The process of forming a complementary m-RNA strand from the DNA. This process occurs in the cell nucleus

Answer 63

Transcription

Question 64

The process of pairing an AA bearing t-RNA to m-RNA

Answer 64

Translation