Module 6 Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
Homogenous mixture that contains one or more solutes uniformly dispersed in a solvent
A
Solution
2
Q
(T/F) It is possible to determine phase boundaries between components in a solution
A
False
3
Q
The material dissolved into the solution
A
Solute
4
Q
The material that does the dissolving
A
Solvent
5
Q
The amount of solute that will dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature
A
Solubility
6
Q
In NS, NaCl is the ______
A
Solute
7
Q
In NS, water is the ______
A
Solvent
8
Q
Can gases be solutions?
A
Yes
9
Q
Unit of measurement for solutions that measures the molecules in the substance
A
Moles
10
Q
What is molarity?
A
The molar concentration of a solution. Measured in mol/L (aka the number of moles of solute per liter of solution)
11
Q
Units of molarity
A
mol/L
12
Q
What is the molarity of 1 mol of glucose dissolved in water to give a total volume of 1 L?
A
1 mol/L of glucose
13
Q
M
A
molarity
14
Q
m
A
molality
15
Q
The number of moles of solute per kg of solvent
A
molality
16
Q
(T/F) Molarity is dependent on temperature
A
True
17
Q
(T/F) Molality is dependent on temperature
A
False
18
Q
(T/F) Molality is sometimes equal to molarity
A
False
19
Q
%w/v
A
Percent by weight to volume
20
Q
Percent by weight to volume unit of measurement
A
g/100mL
21
Q
%w/w
A
percent by weight
22
Q
Percent by weight unit of measurement
A
g/100g
23
Q
%v/v
A
Percent by volume
24
Q
An ______ is analogous to a mole
A
Equivalent
25
______ is analogous to molarity
Normality
26
Eq/L
Normality
27
Eq
Equiviliant
28
_______ is analogous to % concentration
Parts per million (ppm)
29
ppm
parts per million
30
Equal to 1 mole of completely dissociable solute in a solution
1 osmole
31
The number of osmoles per liter of solution
Osmolarity
32
Osm/L
Osmolarity
33
Osm/kg
Osmolality
34
Number of osmoles per kg of solvent
Osmolality
35
(T/F) the solution is not completely saturated if precipitation is visible
False
36
What is a supersaturated solution
Solution contains more solute than allowed by the solubility of the solute
37
Adding more solute does not change the appearance. Is the solution unsaturated or saturated?
Unsaturated
38
What is a saturated solution
A solution that contains the maximum amount of solute
39
The amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a given temp
Solubility
40
Kidney stones with excessive calcium oxalate is an example of a ________ solution
Supersaturated
41
S = kHP
Henry's Law
42
Henry's Law
As pressure increases, gas solubility increases
43
As pressure increases, gas solubility _______
increases
44
Does Henry's Law apply to all solids and liquids?
No
45
Generally, as temperature increases, liquids and solids solubility within liquid solvents tends to _______
Increase
46
As temp increases, gas solubility
Decreases
47
As temp increases, vapor pressure _______
Increases
48
As temp decreases, gas solubility ______
Increases
49
As vapor pressure increases, gas solubility
Decreases
50
Why does mannitol crystalize when stored in cold temps?
Because generally decreasing temperatures decrease the solubility of solids and liquids, and the solution becomes supersaturated. When reheated, the crystals will re-dissolve due to the increase in solubility.
51
_______ properties of a solution that depend only on the number of solute particles
Colligative
52
As solute concentration increases, vapor pressure ______
Decreases
53
As solute concentration increases, the boiling point ______
Increases
54
As solute concentration increases, the freezing point ______
Decreases
55
As solute concentration increases, osmotic pressure ______
Increases
56
_______ results from the most energetic molecules near the surface of a liquid escaping into the gas phase in a closed container
Vapor pressure
57
This is the surface of the liquid where it touches gas
Gas:liquid interface
58
Molecules with strong intermolecular forces have a ____ VP
Low
59
Molecules with weak intermolecular forces have a ____ VP
High
60
The temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to the ambient pressure
Boiling point
61
Boiling point of a liquid is _______ related to its volatility
inversely
62
The lower the boiling point, the _____ the volatility
higher
63
The energy required to transform molecules from the liquid phase to the vapor phase
Latent heat of vaporization (aka heat)
64
(T/F) At lower temperatures, less energy/heat is required for vaporization
False
65
________ has an increased latent heat of vaporization, requiring an external heat source
Desflurane
66
This explains if a dynamic equilibrium is disturbed by changing conditions, the position of equilibrium moves to counteract the change
LeChatelier's Principle
67
An increase in pressure of the system shifts towards ____ moles of gas
fewer
68
A decrease in pressure of the system shifts towards ____ moles of gas
more
69
Increase in temperature of the system yields ______ vapor pressure
increased
70
Decrease in temperature of the system yields ______ vapor pressure
decreased
71
At a constant temp, the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas at equilibrium above the gas-liquid interface
Henry's Law
72
Hypothermic pt = _____ onset and emergence of volatile anesthetics
slow
73
Volatile anesthetics are ______ at room temperature and atmospheric pressure
liquids
74
Non-quantitative term to describe the tendency of a liquid to evaporate
Volatility
75
Devices that facilitate the change of the liquid anesthetic agent into the vapor phase
Vaporizers
76
(T/F) Anesthesia vaporizers can be used with different anesthetic agents interchangeably.
False
77
(T/F) Anesthesia vaporizers have color & filling connectors specific to each agent.
True
78
What does variable bypass mean?
There are 2 chambers in the vaporizer
1 for vaporizing
1 for a bypass (this helps maintain specific pressures and concentrations in the vaporizing chamber)
The ratio of these two chambers are variable in relation to concentration and flow rates
79
(T/F) Modern anesthesia vaporizers are temperature compensated
True
80
What does it mean when the vaporizer circuit is "out of circuit"?
The vaporizer circuit is separate from the breathing circuit
81
Desflurane must be heated to ___ C and pressurized to _____ mmHg to create an environment to provide lower and predictable volatility
39C
| 1500mmHg
82
What are the 3 "real" reasons why desflurane has to have its own vaporizer?
- the excessively high rate of evaporation (aka volatility) requires much higher rates of diluting gas (bypass chamber) flow vs normal vaporizers
- the high rate of evaporation causes substantial anesthetic cooling, needing a more powerful external heat source to compensate
- the low boiling point is that of warmer OR climates, requiring a precise bypass chamber to control the evaporation and dosages given
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/desflurane
83
When a higher VP agent is used in a vaporizer designed for a lower VP agent, the concentration delivered to the pt. will be ______
Higher
| because the bypass chamber is designed for a lower VP and lower rate of dilution
84
When a lower VP agent is used in a vaporizer designed for a higher VP agent, the concentration delivered to the pt. will be ______
Lower
| because the bypass chamber is designed for a higher VP and higher rate of dilution
85
The name of the specific vaporizer designed for desflurane is the _______
Tech 6
86
The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane
Osmosis
87
the relative concentration of solutes in osmotic system
Tonicity
88
What type of solution is LR?
Isotonic
89
What type of solution is Plasmalyte?
Isotonic
90
What type of solution is 3% NS?
Hypertonic
91
What type of solution is 0.45% NS?
Hypotonic
92
Colloids _____ osmotic pressure
increase
93
Albumin is what type of solution?
Colloid
94
Dextran is what type of solution?
Colloid
95
Hetastarch is what type of solution?
Colloid
