Module #13 Flashcards
1
Q
What 4 enemies does your immune system attack?
A
1: Microorganisms/pathogens
2: Foreign substances
3: Harmful chemicals
4: Cancer cells
2
Q
What does the integumentary system include?
A
Skin, hair, nails, and glands for oil and sweat
The integumentary system serves as a protective barrier for the body.
3
Q
What is the external layer of skin called?
A
Epidermis
The epidermis consists of multiple layers of cells.
4
Q
What types of cells are found in the epidermis?
A
Epithelial cells and melanocytes
Melanocytes are responsible for producing melanin.
5
Q
What substance do melanocytes produce?
A
Melanin
Melanin contributes to skin color and protection against UV radiation.
6
Q
Where do epidermal/epithelial cells multiply?
A
At the deepest layer of the epidermis
7
Q
What happens to older epidermal cells as new cells are formed?
A
Newer cells push older cells toward the surface
This process leads to the eventual shedding of dead skin cells.
8
Q
What protein do cells produce as they move toward the surface?
A
Keratin, which is essential for the toughness and durability of the skin
9
Q
What happens to epidermal cells when they reach the surface?
A
They die and flake off
10
Q
What happens to epidermal cells in a blister?
A
They are damaged and lose connection with each other.
11
Q
What causes the formation of a bubble in a blister?
A
Fluid from the dermis enters the damaged area.
12
Q
What happens if the skin covering the blister remains intact?
A
The blister will be reabsorbed and heal without treatment.
13
Q
What should be done if a blister breaks?
A
The skin covering it should be removed and the blister should be bandaged.
14
Q
How are blood blisters different from regular blisters?
A
Blood blisters are deeper wounds than blisters.
15
Q
Fill in the blank: Blisters may be caused by _______.
A
Repeated friction on the skin, heat, cold, or very harsh chemicals
16
Q
Bacterial infection of the skin enclosed in a pus-filled sac that must be opened to the skin’s surface for relief
A
Abscess
17
Q
Flakes of epidermal skin seen in the hair and on the shoulders
A
Dandruff
18
Q
Infection in the skin that is often prevented by cutting the free edge of the structure straight across
A
Ingrown toenail
19
Q
Larger discoloration of the skin from disorganized capillaries
A
Birthmark
20
Q
Small ares of skin where the melanocytes make more melanin
A
Freckles
21
Q
Small gatherings of melanocytes that make dark spots on the skin, which are harmless if not growing
A
Moles
22
Q
Thickened epidermis caused by repeated friction
A
Callus
23
Q
Uneven growth of the epidermis caused by virus
A
Wart
24
Q
What stimulates melanocytes to produce more melanin?
A
Sunlight
25
What causes sunburn?
Too much exposure to UV rays in sunlight or tanning bed lamps
26
What happens to the DNA of skin cells during sunburn?
It is damaged and the cells die
27
What are the symptoms of sunburn?
Skin reddens, swells, and becomes painful
28
What happens to sunburned skin cells after the inflammatory process begins?
They passively peel off
29
What are nails made of?
Nails are made of epidermal cells that produce hard keratin.
30
Where do nails grow from?
Nails grow from the nail matrix (located at the base of the nail and under the cuticle).
31
What is the role of the nail matrix?
The nail matrix is an area of multiplying cells.
32
What happens to nail cells as they grow?
Nail cells grow continuously from the matrix, slide over the nail bed, and eventually become the white free edge.
33
True or False: The cuticle is the area where nail cells multiply.
False
## Footnote
The nail matrix is where nail cells multiply, while the cuticle is the skin around the nail.
34
What layer is located below the epidermis?
The dermis
35
What is the primary function of collagen fibers in the dermis?
They make the layer resistant to stretching
36
What structures are contained within the dermis?
* Blood vessels
* Sensory receptors
* Hair follicles
* Glands for sweat and oil
37
What is the connective layer below the skin called?
The hypodermis
38
What does the hypodermis often contain a lot of?
Fat
39
What structure does hair grow from?
Hair follicle
40
What produces hair at the base of the hair follicle?
A group of matrix cells.
41
What is the extension of the dermis called where hair is produced?
The hair papilla.
42
What is the visible part of the hair above the skin called?
The hair shaft.
43
What is the part of the hair below the skin called?
The hair root.
44
What is hair primarily made of?
Hair is made of dead epithelial/epidermal cells that have become keratinized.
45
How long can hair on the head grow?
Hair on the head can grow for up to 3 years.
46
What happens to the hair follicle after it has grown hair for a period?
The follicle rests, the old hair sheds, and a new one begins.
47
How many hairs is it normal to lose from your scalp each day?
It is normal to lose 100 hairs a day from your scalp.
48
What function does hair serve on the head?
Hair insulates the top of the head and prevents heat loss.
49
Long, thick, pigmented hair
Terminal hair
50
Permanent hair loss caused by testosterone and genetics
Male pattern baldness
51
Reflex of the arrestor pili muscles that attach to the hair follicles
Goose bumps
52
Short, fine hair with no pigment
Vellus hair
53
What is sweat primarily composed of and what does it do?
Water and salt
It serves as a coolant for the body
54
Where do sweat glands originate in the body and where does sweat exit?
In the dermis
Sweat exits the skin through sweat pores
55
What activates apocrine sweat glands during puberty?
Hormonal changes
## Footnote
These glands are located in the groin, armpits, and soles of the feet.
56
What do apocrine sweat glands release that contributes to body odor?
Sweat mixed with lipids
## Footnote
This mixture feeds odor-causing bacteria.
57
How can daily washing affect body odor?
It reduces body odor; using soap and water is effective
58
What is the function of deodorant?
Slows the growth of bacteria and manages body odor
59
What does antiperspirant do?
Plugs the sweat pores and reduces the amount of sweat produced
60
What increases production at puberty that may cause acne?
Oil or sebaceous glands
## Footnote
Increased production of sebum at puberty can lead to skin infections in hair follicles.
61
What is sebum?
Clear oil that lubricates the hair as it grows
62
What happens when sebum and keratin block the hair follicle channel?
It can cause blackheads or whiteheads depending on the blockage location
63
What is a blackhead?
A blockage at the surface of the skin that turns dark due to melanin exposure to air
64
What is a whitehead?
A blockage under the skin
65
What causes a pimple?
Bacteria thrive on blocked oil, leading to an infection
66
How can flare-ups of acne be reduced?
By cleansing the skin daily, taking a vitamin D supplement, and getting enough sleep
67
FIRST DEGREE BURN
~Features
~Layer(s) of skin damaged
~Skin graft needed
Feature: Redness; swelling
Layer of skin damaged: Epidermis
Skin graft needed: No
68
SECOND DEGREE BURN
~Features
~Layer(s) of skin damaged
~Skin graft needed
Feature: Redness and blisters
Layers of skin damaged: Epidermis and part of the dermis
Skin graft needed: No
69
THIRD DEGREE BURN
~Features
~Layer(s) of skin damaged
~Skin graft needed
Features: Moist, bloody
Layers of skin damaged: All epidermis and dermis
Skin graft needed: Yes
70
What fills a cut in the skin?
Blood from broken blood vessels in the dermis
71
What forms a clot in a cut?
Blood
72
What does a clot dry into?
A scab
73
What physiological response occurs due to damage in the skin?
Inflammation
74
What happens to blood vessels during inflammation?
They enlarge and become more permeable/leaky
75
Which cells come to the site of a skin injury?
White blood cells
76
What do epidermal cells do during the healing process?
Duplicate and grow down under the scab
77
What do dermal cells produce to aid in wound healing?
Collagen
78
How can the healing process of a wound be improved?
By cleaning it with soap and water to remove foreign objects and bacteria
79
A scar is more likely to form if _______
the edges of the wound are not kept close together
80
What is a mucous membrane?
The thin, pink lining of body cavities that open to the outside.
81
What do goblet cells in the mucous membrane produce?
Mucus.
82
What is the function of mucus?
A thick lubricating liquid that contains antibodies to fight infection.
83
The mouth is a friendly environment for what?
Bacteria
84
What do bacteria form on tooth surfaces and gums?
Bacteria form plaque, a sticky film
85
What is the effect of plaque on the gingiva?
Plaque irritates the gingiva and may cause inflammation called gingivitis
86
How can you remove plaque?
By brushing your teeth and tongue and flossing
87
What happens to plaque if it is not removed?
Plaque can be hardened by the minerals in saliva to become calculus
88
Can calculus be removed with a toothbrush?
No, calculus is impossible to remove with a toothbrush
89
What are the most likely causes of bad breath?
Bacteria harbored in plaque and calculus
90
A friend of yours has a cluster of painful sores on the outside of her upper lip. What kind of sore is it likely to be? Is she contagious?
It is likely a cold sore, an outbreak of a viral infection. She is contagious
91
Another friend of yours has a single pain sore on the inside of his cheek. What kind of sore is it likely to be? Is he contagious?
It is likely a canker sore, due to biting the inside of the cheek or eating too many sweets. It is not contagious
92
What type of immunity does the immune system use the first time it encounters a disease-causing organism?
Innate immunity
93
What is the role of white blood cells (WBCs) in innate immunity?
They attack pathogens and trigger inflammation
94
What effect does inflammation have on capillaries?
It makes them more permeable
## Footnote
Increased permeability allows WBCs and other substances to reach the site of infection more easily.
95
What is the most common type of white blood cell?
Neutrophil
## Footnote
Neutrophils are key players in the immune response, particularly in fighting bacterial infections.
96
What process do neutrophils use to ingest organisms?
Phagocytosis
## Footnote
Phagocytosis is the process of engulfing and digesting pathogens.
97
What is pus composed of?
Dead neutrophils, cell parts, and fluid
98
What is the function of macrophages in the immune response?
They clean up after neutrophils
## Footnote
Macrophages help in resolving inflammation and clearing debris from the infection site.
99
What do basophils release to increase inflammation?
Histamine, which increases inflammation
100
What is the role of eosinophils in inflammation?
They calm down inflammation
101
What is systemic inflammation?
When infection becomes widespread throughout the body
102
What is a common symptom of systemic inflammation?
Fever
103
What should be done to treat fevers?
Rest and, if needed, medicine to reduce fever
104
Who should prescribe antibiotics?
A physician
105
What is the lymphatic system often referred to as?
The lesser-known cousin of the circulatory system
106
What is lymph?
Fluid that travels through lymphatic capillaries and veins and is returned to the blood stream
107
What happens to lymph as it travels through the lymphatic system?
It is filtered through lymph nodes
108
Name some types of lymphatic tissue.
* Tonsils
* Thymus
* Spleen
* Lymph nodules
109
What types of cells are primarily found in lymphatic tissue?
* Lymphocytes
* Macrophages
110
A chemical released by virus-infected cell that interferes with virus replication
Interferon
111
A foreign substance that triggers the immune response in almost everyone
Antigen
112
A foreign substance that triggers the immune response in some individuals
Allergen
113
The most common allergic skin reaction
Contact dermatitis
114
An overreaction of the immune system to antigen
Allergic reaction
115
What is adaptive immunity?
The sophisticated immune response of the body to invaders that it has seen before.
116
Which types of lymphocytes are involved in adaptive immunity?
B cell and T cell lymphocytes.
117
Do all lymphocytes attack every antigen?
No, every lymphocyte doesn't attack every antigen.
118
What are sets of identical cells called in lymphocytes?
Clones.
119
How many different sets of lymphocytes are there?
Thousands of different sets.
120
What activates each set of lymphocytes?
A different antigen.
121
What are memory cells?
Memory cells are clones that patrol the blood and lymphatic system looking for matched antigens.
122
What happens when memory cells encounter an antigen?
They identify it, divide quickly into more clones, and then attack.
123
How do B cell lymphocytes attack antigens?
B cell lymphocytes produce and release Y-shaped antibodies that can disable or clump the antigens together.
124
What is the primary function of T cell lymphocytes?
T cell lymphocytes destroy cells that are in trouble, such as those with viral infections or those becoming cancerous.
125
Fill in the blank: B cell lymphocytes attack antigens that are _______.
outside the cells.
## Footnote
This distinguishes their role from that of T cells, which target infected or abnormal cells.
126
What do circulating memory cells do?
Keep the body poised to crush disease-causing organisms before they replicate
127
What happens to a person who has memory cells for a certain disease?
They are immune and will not develop the symptoms of the disease, even if exposed
128
How does a baby acquire antibodies before birth?
Through the placenta
129
What is the source of antibodies for a baby after birth?
Breast milk
130
True or False: Immunity from antibodies is permanent.
False
131
What happens to the immunity provided by antibodies over time?
It diminishes as the antibodies decrease
132
READ AND UNDERSTAND BLOOD TYPING *IN THE HEALTH BOOK*
ok.
133
What is antiserum?
A concentration of antibodies for a life-threatening infection or venomous bite.
134
What is the purpose of antivenin?
It is an antibody solution against venom.
135
What does antitoxin target?
It is an antibody solution against a poison.
136
What type of immunity do antiserum, antivenin, and antitoxin provide?
Temporary immunity.
137
Where do T cell lymphocytes mature?
In the thymus
138
What do T cells produce after exposure to a specific antigen?
Memory T cells
139
What is the function of memory T cells?
To remember the antigen and circulate in the blood and lymph
140
What happens when memory T cells encounter the same antigen again?
They divide and form several kinds of T cells
141
What is the role of cytotoxic T cells?
To puncture a cell membrane and destroy it
142
What is the function of helper T cells?
To increase cell destruction
143
What do regulator T cells do?
Slow down the attack
144
What do original memory T cells produce?
More memory T cells
145
How long do memory T cells circulate in the body?
For years
146
What is a virus made of?
DNA and RNA covered in protein
147
What is the primary goal of a virus?
To inject itself into a host cell and replicate itself
148
What do T cells identify on the infected cell's membrane?
Antigens of the virus
149
What do T cells do to the infected cell?
Destroy the infected cell before the viruses inside are mature
150
True or False: A virus is a cell.
False
151
What is a cancer cell?
A body cell that replicated without restraint
152
What usually happens when a T cell encounters a cancer cell?
It recognizes and destroys it
153
What occurs if a T cell does not recognize a cancer cell?
The cancer cell replicates many times and may form a tumor
154
What is the best strategy to empower T cells to recognize cancer cells?
A healthful lifestyle
155
List key components of a healthful lifestyle to help T cells recognize cancer cells.
* Good nutrition
* Adequate sleep
* Regular exercise
* Weight control
* Smoke-free environment
* Measures to avoid infection
156
What are the three primary ways cancers are treated?
Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation
157
What is the purpose of surgery in cancer treatment?
Removes the tumor and suspicious tissues around it
158
What does chemotherapy do to cancer cells?
Poisons fast-growing cancer cells
159
What effect does radiation have on cancerous tissues?
Burns the cancerous tissues
160
What is transplant rejection?
The immune attack on transplanted tissue because it is recognized as foreign.
161
What are autoimmune diseases?
The immune attack on normal body cells that are seen by the immune cells as foreign.
162
What type of drugs are used to treat transplant rejection and autoimmune diseases?
Drugs that suppress or limit the immune response.
163
What is a vaccine?
A solution of harmless antigens from a dangerous disease that are injected into the body.
164
What happens when antigens meet B and T cells?
If memory cells form, the person becomes immune to the dangerous disease.
165
Who is considered a carrier of a disease?
Someone who has a transmittable form of a disease that is contagious, whether or not they have symptoms.
166
Are vaccinated individuals likely to be carriers?
No
167
What is the risk for people who cannot take a vaccination?
They are vulnerable if they are exposed to a carrier.
168
How is herd immunity best described?
A situation in which the majority of people around are vaccinated, protecting those with weak immunity.
