Module #7

Question 1

What are the three macronutrients?

Answer 1

Carbohydrates, fats, and protein

Question 2

What are two micronutrients?

Answer 2

Vitamins and minerals

Question 3

What is the word for the sum total of all the chemical processes going on in the body?

Answer 3

Metabolism

Question 4

What is the process that breaks down molecules? What are its two stages?

Answer 4

Catabolism

(1) digestion, (2) respiration

Question 5

What is the word for the chemical process the builds up new, large molecules?

Answer 5

Anabolism

Question 6

What is the difference between digestion and respiration?

Answer 6

Digestion breaks large molecules into smaller ones and doesn’t release any usable energy. Energy is released in respiration.

Question 7

What are the 3 food sources for energy? What unit do we use to measure the amount of energy available in a food?

Answer 7

Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

Food energy is measured in food calories or large calories (chemical kilocalories)

Question 8

Carbohydrates are formed by what process going on it green plants

Answer 8

Photosynthesis

Question 9

Why is glucose called a monosaccharides?

Answer 9

Mono- means “one.” Saccharide means “sugar” or “sweet”. Glucose is a monosaccharides: a 1-ring sugar

Question 10

Name 2 common disaccharide

Answer 10

1) Lactose (milk sugar made of one glucose and galactose ring)
2) Sucrose (cane sugar made of one glucose and fructose ring)
3) Optional: maltose

Question 11

Is honey a disaccharide?

Answer 11

Honey is not a disaccharide but a syrup solution of 2 monosaccharides, fructose, and glucose

Question 12

Starch (amylose) and cellulose are both long chains of glucose. What do we call a long chain of glucose.

Answer 12

Both are polysaccharides

Question 13

How are starch and cellulose handled differently in the digestive tract?

Answer 13

Most starch is digested back into glucose in the small intestine. Cellulose passes harmlessly through the intestines as fiber.

Question 14

How is glycogen different from both starch and cellulose?

Answer 14

Cellulose and starch are straight chains of glucose, and glycogen is a central protein with branching chains

Question 15

What do training and carbohydrate loading do to glycogen granules?

Answer 15

Physical training increase the size of the glycogen granules. Carbohydrate loading fills the glycogen granule to capacity with readily available. Both lengthen athletic endurance

Question 16

What condition can you avoid if you eat fat or protein along with high-glycemic index foods?

Answer 16

Reactive hypoglycemia

Question 17

What is removed from complex carbohydrates when they are refined? Does refining make a food move higher or lower on the glycemic index?

Answer 17

Refined food has lost fiber, oils, vitamins, and minerals.

Higher

Question 18

Trail mix contains some high-glycemic-index foods. What do you think will happen to the overall glycemic number for trail mix if peanuts and sunflower seeds are added?

Answer 18

Peanuts and sunflower are foods lower on the glycemic index. They balance the sweet ingredients and lower the glycemic index number for trail mix.

Question 19

Describe a fatty acid, the typical form of fat in the body

Answer 19

A fatty acid is a long chain of carbon atoms with branching hydrogen atoms, with one end of the chain ending in an oxygen formation called an acid

Question 20

How do most fatty acids travel in the blood?

Answer 20

Three fatty acids attach to a glycerol to form a triglyceride. The triglycerides are packed into lipoproteins

Question 21

What are ketone bodies? What is the name for the condition of ketone bodies in the blood and acetone on the breath?

Answer 21

Ketone bodies are small molecules that form when fatty acids are broken down for fuel. Most cells can use ketone bodies for fuel. The condition is ketosis

Question 22

Which sugars are used as building blocks in RNA and DNA?

Answer 22

Ribose (RNA) and deoxyribose (DNA)

Question 23

What are units in a protein called? What do you call 9 of these units that your body cannot make and that your diet must supply?

Answer 23

Amino acids; the 9 are called essential amino acids

Question 24

What is a complete protein?

Answer 24

A complete protein contains all of the essential amino acids

Question 25

Give examples of foods with complete protein.

Answer 25

Meat, dairy, poultry, fish, eggs, cauliflower, and certain beans

Question 26

What 2 groups of vegetable foods can you combine to make a complete protein?

Answer 26

Grains and legumes makes complete protein

Question 27

What is an even better way to get complete protein?

Answer 27

Combine vegetable protein from grains and beans with some animal protein

Question 28

What is the general term for the 2 fatty acids that are necessary for life but that your body cannot make? Name these 2 fatty acids

Answer 28

Essential fatty acids Linoleum acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)

Question 29

What is the chemical form of a saturated fat? Name a saturated fat

Answer 29

A saturated fat is a long chain of carbons without room for more hydrogen. Stearic acid is a saturated fat

Question 30

What is the chemical difference between a saturated fat and an unsaturated? Name a unsaturated fat

Answer 30

Saturated fats have carbons that are saturated with hydrogen. An unsaturated fat has a least 1 double bond between carbon atoms in its carbon chain. It has room for more hydrogen to added Linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, and oleic acid

Question 31

Unsaturated fat is named by the location of the first double bond from the omega carbon. What kind of omega fat is linoleum acid? What kind is alpha-lenolenic acid?

Answer 31

Linoleic acid: omega-6 Alpha-lenolenic acid: omega-3

Question 32

Which omega fatty acid decreases inflammation? Which one is most likely to be missing from the American diet?

Answer 32

Omega-3 decreases inflammation and is the most likely to be missing from diet

Question 33

What dietary change may help Americans reduce the severity of diseases of civilization?

Answer 33

Reduce omega-6 in diet and increase omega-3. Eat less red meat and eat more ocean fish (or supplement with vegetable oils and fish oils with omega-3)

Question 34

What kind of lipoprotein traveling in the blood deposits cholesterol into the inner walls of blood vessels?

Answer 34

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

Question 35

What is the name for the condition of hard cholesterol deposits in the blood vessels, and why is this condition dangerous?

Answer 35

Atherosclerosis, the narrowing and hardening of the arteries, is the cause of heart disease and strokes.

Question 36

What can be done to lower the levels of low-density lipoprotein?

Answer 36

Reducing saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol in the diet and by eating more soluble fiber

Question 37

What kind of lipoprotein collects cholesterol and returns it to the liver? What can you do to raise the levels of the lipoprotein

Answer 37

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is good cholesterol. Reaching a healthy weight and exercising

Question 38

What does bioavailable mean? Which foods contain more bioavailable nutrients? Which foods contain less? What can be done to these foods to make the nutrients more bioavailable

Answer 38

Bioavailable means the nutrients in a food are easy for a person to absorb and use Eggs, meat, and dairy foods Raw vegetables and grains contain very little bioavailable nutrition, but cooking them increase the amount of nutrients that can be absorbed

Question 39

What is the order of fats from the one with the most saturated fat to the less?: (chicken fat, canola oil, fish fat, beef fat, butter, coconut oil)

Answer 39

1) Coconut oil 2) Butter 3) Beef fat 4) Chicken fat 5) Fish fat 6) Canola oil

Question 40

What is the difference between monounsaturated fat and polyunsaturated fat? Which kind is ALA? Which kind is oleic acid?

Answer 40

Monounsaturated fat has 1 double bond. Polyunsaturated fat had 2 or more double bonds. ALA is a polyunsaturated fat. Oleic acid is a monounsaturaed fat

Question 41

What has happened to an unsaturated fat to make trans fatty acids? Why is trans fat the worst fat you can eat?

Answer 41

Hydrogen and the carbon chain has switched positions on 1 end of a double bond. Your body's cells cannot use trans fat properly because it is shaped wrong. Trans fat also raises the levels of LDL (bad cholesterol) and lowers HDL (good cholesterol)

Question 42

What do you look for on a food ingredient list to see if it contains trans fat? Why can't you trust a label that says "zero trans fat"?

Answer 42

Look for words "partially hydrogenated oil." Manufacturers are allowed on labels to round down to zero if the amount of trans fat is less than half a gram per serving

Question 43

In what order does the body prefer to use macronutrients for energy? What is the only macronutrient available to someone in starvation? Is this healthy state?

Answer 43

The body prefers to use carbohydrates, then fat, and then protein. Only protein is available in starvation. It is not a healthy state and may lead to permanent damage or death