Module 13

Question 0

What is a notochord?

Answer 0

A rod of tough, flexible material that runs the length of a creature’s body, providing the majority of its support.

Question 1

What are vertebrae?

Answer 1

Segments of bone or some other hard substance that are arranged into a back bone.

Question 2

Which types of backbones have a dorsal nerve cord?
A. Vertebrae
B. Notochord
C. Both

Answer 2

C. All have a dorsal nerve cord.

Question 3

What are the three subphyla and their definitions in Phylum Chordata?

Answer 3

Urochordata- notochord through the larva stage
Cephalochordata- notochord throughout whole life
Vertebrata- notochord during early development, which becomes a true backbone.

Question 4

What is an example of subphylum Urochordata?

Answer 4

Sea Squirt.

Question 5

What is an example of phylum Cephalochordata?

Answer 5

Lancelet.

Question 6

What is a endoskeleton?

Answer 6

A skeleton on the inside of a creature’s body, typically composed of cartilage.

Question 7

What is a bone matrix?

Answer 7

A hard substance on the outside of the bone.

Question 8

What are the three types of living cells in bone and their purposes?

Answer 8

Osteoblasts- produces the bone matrix
Osteocytes- mature bone cells surrounded by the bone matrix
Osteoclasts- break down bone tissue

Question 9

What is compact bone tissue?

Answer 9

Calcium-hardened fibers packed tightly together

Question 10

What is spongy bone tissue?

Answer 10

Fibers packed loosely.

Question 11

What are both types of bone tissue composed of?

Answer 11

Collagen mixed with calcium-containing salts tht harden the tissue.

Question 12

What texture does the collagen mixture that composes bone tissue give the bone?

Answer 12

A hard, rock-like feel.

Question 13

Where are osteocytes found?

Answer 13

In bone tissue.

Question 14

What is the periosteum?

Answer 14

A dense membrane surrounding the bone.

Question 15

What is bone marrow?

Answer 15

A soft tissue inside the bone that produces blood cells.

Question 16

What are the two major sections of the endoskeleton?

Answer 16

The axial skeleton- supports and protects head, neck, trunk, vertebral column (backbone), ribs and skull.
The Appendicular skeleton- attaches to the axial skeleton and has the limbs attached to it.

Question 17

What is a closed circulatory system?

Answer 17

A circulatory system in which the oxygen-carrying cells never leave the blood vessels.

Question 18

How many chambers can the heart of a member of subphylum Vertebrata have?

Answer 18

2-4

Question 19

What is the path of the flow of blood in a closed circulatory system?

Answer 19

Heart -> arteries -> capillaries -> veins -> heart

Question 20

What are arteries?

Answer 20

Blood vessels that carry the blood away from the heart

Question 21

What are capillaries?

Answer 21

Tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that allow the exchange of gases and nutrients between the blood and the cells.

Question 22

What are veins?

Answer 22

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.

Question 23

What is hemoglobin?

Answer 23

Protein, gives the blood its red color, and allows oxygen to be transported by the blood.

Question 24

What contains hemoglobin?

Answer 24

Red blood cells.

Question 25

What are the two colors blood can have, and what do they mean?

Answer 25

Bright red- oxygen rich | Dark red- oxygen poor

Question 26

What is the main center of the nervous system?

Answer 26

The brain

Question 27

How many lobes does the brain have, what are their names, and what do they do?

Answer 27

The brain has 5 lobes. These are: Olfactory lobe- nose Cerebrum- senses, responses Optic- eyes Cerebellum- involuntary and muscle movement Medulla Oblongata- vital functions and transports signals to the spinal cord

Question 28

What does the spinal cord do?

Answer 28

It sends signals to and from the brain.

Question 29

What protects the spinal cord?

Answer 29

The vertebral column.

Question 30

What does the spinal cord contain? And what are the two types?

Answer 30

Spinal nerves. Sensory nerves- sense it Motor nerves- act on it

Question 31

What are the two types of fertilization?

Answer 31

Internal and external

Question 33

What are the three types of egg development?

Answer 33

Oviparous development- egg hatched outside (bird) Ovoviviparous development- egg hatched inside (guppies) Viviparous development- placenta inside body of female (mammals)

Question 34

Name 2 points about Class Agnatha, and give an example.

Answer 34

* Jawless Fish * Anadromous- A life cycle in which creatures are hatched in freshwater, migrate to salt water as adults, and then return to freshwater to reproduce. * Example- Lamprey

Question 35

Name 3 points about Class Agnatha and give an example.

Answer 35

* Carilaginous fish * Lateral Line * Three dimension electrical field sensor * Example- Shark.

Question 36

Name 6 points about Class Amphibia.

Answer 36

* Dual Life * Begin life in water * Eggs develop outside of mother * Larvae have gills * Metamorphosis- air breathing respiration, fins disappear and legs appear * Adult is an air-breathing, land-dwelling creature

Question 37

Name 6 specific characteristics about Class Amphibia (particularly about their anatomy)

Answer 37

* Endoskeleton mostly bone * Smooth skin (no scales) * 2 pairs of limbs + webbed feet * Up to 4 organs for respiration * 3 chambered heart * Oviparous with external fertilization

Question 38

Name Class Amphibia's 4 breathing organs.

Answer 38

* Gills * Lungs- backup * Skin- main breathing organ * Lining of the mouth

Question 39

What is the definition of hibernation?

Answer 39

A state of extremely low metabolism and respiration, accompanied by lower-than-normal body temperatures.

Question 40

How many chambers do members of class Amphibia have in their heart?

Answer 40

3.

Question 41

What kind of blood does the left atrium of the heart of an amphibian hold?

Answer 41

Oxygen rich blood, from lungs, mouth, or skin, through the pulmonary vein.

Question 42

What kind of blood does the right atrium of the heart of an amphibian hold?

Answer 42

Oxygen poor blood, from internal organs through the sinus venosus.

Question 43

What kind of blood does the ventricle of the heart of an amphibian hold?

Answer 43

Oxygen rich and poor blood mixed from the atriums.

Question 44

Follow the path of blood from the ventricle of an amphibian.

Answer 44

Ventricle -> conus arteriosus -> left and right truncus arteriosus -> carotid arches, aortic arches, pulmocutaneous arteries

Question 45

Where does the blood from the carotid arches go?

Answer 45

To the head.

Question 46

Where does the blood from the aortic arches go?

Answer 46

to the dorsal aorta.

Question 47

Where does the blood from the pulmocutaneous arteries go?

Answer 47

The lungs, skin, mouth, to be reoxygenated.