MODULE 2: PLANT CELLS AND TISSUES Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
The study of the structure and the function of cells.
A
CYTOLOGY
2
Q
Archae bacteria
A
PROKARYOTES
3
Q
Plant, animals, protists, fungi
A
EUKARYOTES
4
Q
Has Cell membrane, cytoplasm, Ribosomes, Genetic material, Membrane-bound organelles, Nucleus
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EUKARYOTE
5
Q
Has Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosome, genetic material
A
PROKARYOTE
6
Q
Selectively permeable which regulates the entrance and exit of substances in a cell.
A
CELL MEMBRANE
7
Q
Outermost part of the plant cell.
A
CELL WALL
8
Q
A non-living material made up of cellulose and other substance like lignin, suberin, and cutin.
A
CELL WALL
9
Q
Surrounds/keeps organelles in place
A
CYTOPLASM
10
Q
Facilitates the transport of materials within the cell.
A
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
11
Q
Help in the production and storage of proteins
A
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
12
Q
TYPE OF ER
Mainly produce and export lipids and protein and function for detoxification. (without ribosomes)
A
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
13
Q
TYPE OF ER
Produces, secrete and export proteins and few hormones. (with ribosomes)
A
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
14
Q
Dense granules which synthesize protein.
A
RIBOSOMES
15
Q
Composed of two subunits that are composed of RNA and proteins; the subunits, upon close inspection, can be differentiated by a line or cleft toward the center.
A
RIBOSOMES
16
Q
“Powerhouse of the cell”
A
MITOCHONDRIA
17
Q
Double layered organelle of the plant cell.
A
MITOCHONDRIA
18
Q
Other name of Mitochondria
A
Chondrisomes
19
Q
Inside folds in mitochondria ; site for cellular respiration.
A
CRISTAE
20
Q
“Post office of the cell”
A
GOLGI BODY
21
Q
Composed of circular, flattened vesicles of cisternae aligned in stacks.
A
GOLGI BODY
22
Q
“Packaging of proteins” areas, transport of substances to and from the cell.
A
GOLGI BODY
23
Q
Other word for Golgi body
A
DICTYOSOMES
24
Q
Rounded, oval, or irregularly shaped protoplasmic bodies
A
PLASTIDS
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Three main types of Plastids:
1. Chloroplast
2. Leucoplast
3. Chromoplast
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Green plastids, Organelles of photosynthesis Contains photosynthetic pigments called chlorophylls.
CHLOROPLAST
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It synthesize carbohydrates using the energy of sunlight
CHLOROPLAST
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Photosynthetic pigments
CHLOROPHYLLS
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Yellow, orange, or red in color due to the presence of carotenoid pigments, which they synthesize and accumulate.
CHROMOPLAST
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Yellow, orange, or red in color
CAROTENOID PIGMENTS
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Essentially colorless and include amyloplasts, which synthesize starches, elaioplasts, which synthesize oils, and proteinoplast/aleuroplasts, stores protein and found in seeds and nuts.
LEUCOPLAST
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It synthesizes starches
AMYLOPLAST
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It synthesizes oils
ELAIOPLASTS
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It stores protein and found in seeds and nuts
PROTEINOPLAST/ALEUROPLAST
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“Control center of the cell”
NUCLEUS
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Serves to protect DNA information and is perforated with holes called nuclear pores.
NUCLEUS
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Membrane that surrounds the nucleus.
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
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Similar to the cytoplasm of a cell, also known as karyoplasm
NUCLEOPLASM
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Contains chromosomes and nucleolus
NUCLEOPLASM
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Contains the “genes” that determines the hereditary characteristics of the cell.
CHROMOSOMES
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Controls the activity of the cell.
CHROMOSOMES
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Assembles ribosomes, is the largest structure in the cell nucleus.
NUCLEOLUS
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INCLUSION BODIES:
Filled with aqueous solutions containing various dissolved substances
VACUOLE
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INCLUSION BODIES
Used for the storage of waste and food
VACUOLE
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INCLUSION BODIES
Useful for maintaining cell structure and water balance
VACUOLE
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An orderly series of events where cells divide
CELL CYCLE
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2 Divisions:
1. Interphase
2. Mitosis
a. Prophase
b. Metaphase
c. Anaphase
d. Telophase
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Process of division that produces two daughter cells with identical chromosomal content of parent cell.
MITOSIS
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A period in which chromosomes are NOT visible with light microscope, Living cells are NOT dividing
INTERPHASE
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3 INTERVALS OF INTERPHASE:
1. G1 –(growth or gap one) lengthy period after the nucleus divides; RNA are ribosomes are produced & cell increase in size
2. S- synthesis- DNA replication takes place
3. G2- (growth or gap two) mitochondria & other organelles divide; microtubules are produced; coiling & condensation of chromosomes begin
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Where one cell divides into two and each of the two cells to produce two more daughter cells
MITOSIS
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Location of cell division in mitosis
MERISTEM (found in the roots and stem tips)
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Normally comes with mitosis; division of the remainder of the cell
CYTOKINESIS
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The daughter cells have the EXACT number of chromosomes as the parent cell
MITOSIS
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MITOSIS:
Condensing chromosomes (consists of 2 sister chromatids)
PROPHASE
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MITOSIS:
Chromosomes lines up on the equator; Spindle microtubules
METAPHASE
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MITOSIS:
Sister chromatids (now called chromosomes) move to opposite ends of cell
ANAPHASE
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MITOSIS:
Has a cell plate and new nuclei
TELOPHASE
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The division of the cytoplasm to form two new cells, overlaps with the final stages of mitosis.
CYTOKINESIS
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Cell plate forms down the middle of the cell, splitting it into two daughter cells separated by a new wall.
CYTOKINESIS
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A group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are similar in structure.
TISSUES
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Where tissues originated
MERISTEMS
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Regions where cell divisions produce plant growth
MERISTEMS
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3 Types of Meristems
1. APICAL MERISTEMS
2. LATERAL MERISTEMS
3. INTERCALARY MERISTEMS
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Lengthen stems and roots, Responsible for primary growth
APICAL MERISTEM
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Cells that form apical meristems:
1. EPIDERMAL/DERMAL TISSUES
2. GROUND TISSUE
3. VASCULAR TISSUE
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Protoderm (aka dermatogen)
EPIDERMIS/DERMAL TISSUE
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Ground meristem; develops into the pith and the cortex
GROUND TISSUE
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Procambium
VASCULAR TISSUE
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Increase width of stems; Responsible for secondary growth
LATERAL MERISTEMS
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Increases the girth of older roots and stems; Cylindrical arrays of cells
LATERAL MERISTEMS
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Thin layer of cells found in plants, separating two other types of plant vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
VASCULAR CAMBIUM
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Protective tissue that replaces the epidermis when secondary growth displaces or response to injury/infection.
PERIDERM
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PERMANENT TISSUES
Non-dividing tissues
1. SIMPLE TISSUES
2. COMPLEX TISSUES
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PERMANENT TISSUES
Composed of a single cell type
SIMPLE TISSUES
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PERMANENT TISSUES
Parts of Simple Tissues:
1. EPIDERMIS
2. PARENCHYMA
3. COLLENCHYMA
4. SCLERENCHYMA
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PERMANENT TISSUES
Composed of a more than one cell type
COMPLEX TISSUES
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PERMANENT TISSUES
Parts of Complex Tissues:
1. XYLEM
2. PHLOEM
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PERMANENT TISSUES
Vessel and tracheids.
XYLEM
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PERMANENT TISSUES
Sieve tubes and companion cells.
PHLOEM
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PERMANENT TISSUES
TYPES OF PLANT TISSUES
Epidermal
- PARENCHYMA
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PERMANENT TISSUES
TYPES OF PLANT TISSUES
Ground
- PARENCHYMA
- COLLENCHYMA
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PERMANENT TISSUES
TYPES OF PLANT TISSUES
Vascular
- XYLEM
- PHLOEM
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It protects the soft tissues of plants and controls interactions with the plants' surroundings.
DERMAL TISSUE
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Dermal tissue that is usually a single layer of cells covering the younger parts of a plant.
EPIDERMIS
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It secretes a waxy layer, that inhibits water loss.
CUTICLE
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These tissues are involved in photosynthesis, storage, regeneration, support, and protection.
GROUND TISSUE
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3 Types of Ground Tissue
1. Parenchyma
2. Collenchyma
3. Sclerenchyma
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These are cells that are alive at maturity; Have thin cell walls and large vacuoles, and are most abundant of all the cells. Intercellular space is found.
PARENCHYMA
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This cell function in storage, photosynthesis, exchange of gases and as the bulk of ground and vascular tissues, store protein and starch, and for repair
PARENCHYMA
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Specialized for support for primary tissues; Cells are elongated, with walls (especially corners) thickened with pectin and cellulose; No intercellular space.
COLLENCHYMA
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Makes stems strong but pliable; Cells are alive at maturity; Main function: To provide support for growing tissues, like stem.
COLLENCHYMA
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Cells have thickened lignified walls and are dead at maturity; Supports mature plant parts; Protects many seeds
SCLERENCHYMA
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Main function: To provide support for the plant; Has 2 types: Fibers and Sclereids
SCLERENCHYMA
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Long, tapered cells
FIBERS
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Stubbier cells
SCLEREIDS
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Composed of xylem and phloem, which function in the transport of water and dissolved substances.
VASCULAR TISSUE
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Function: transports material between the root and the shoot of the plant.
VASCULAR TISSUE
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Conducts water and dissolved minerals; conducting cells are dead and hollow at maturity
XYLEM
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Transports sugars; Main conducting cells are sieve-tube members; Companion cells assist in the loading of sugars
PHLOEM
