MODULE 5 L2: FRUITS AND SEEDS Flashcards by Eros Stear

a characteristic of flowering plants. Once pollination and fertilization occur, the ovary of the plant becomes the fruit and the ovules become the seeds.

FRUIT

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They can be fleshy or dry

FRUITS

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Main purpose is that they protect the seeds during
development.

FRUITS

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often colorful and emanate a delectable odor, they help in attracting birds and other animals to eat seeds. This way the seeds get dispersed to other areas for generating new plants.

FRUITS

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FRUIT REGIONS
- The skin

EXOCARP

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FRUIT REGION
- The inner boundary around seed(s)

ENDOCARP

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FRUIT REGION
- The tissue between exocarp and endocarp

MESOCARP

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3 regions is collectively called

PERICARP

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CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS
- one fruit that has developed from one single flower

SIMPLE FRUIT

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CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS
- one flower that produces tiny fruits clustered tightly together

AGGREGATE FRUIT

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CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS
- fruits from many different flowers which develop closely together to form one bigger fruit

MULTIPLE FRUIT

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SIMPLE FRUIT:
Fleshy fruits types

BERRY
DRUPE
POME

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SIMPLE FRUIT:
Fleshy fruits (Under Berry)

TRUE BERRY
PEPO
HESPERIDIUM

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SIMPLE FRUIT:
Dry fruits types

DEHISCENT
INDEHISCENT

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SIMPLE FRUIT:
Dry fruits types (under Dehiscent)

FOLLICLE
LEGUME
SILIQUES
CAPSULES

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SIMPLE FRUIT:
Dry fruits types (under Indehiscent)

ACHENE
NUTS
CARYOPSIS
SAMARAS
SCHIZOCARP

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The ripened ovary of the flower

FRUIT

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Parts of the Fruit

SEED
PERICARP
- EXOCARP
- MESOCARP
- ENDOCARP

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BASED ON THE ORIGIN
- Fruit that develops after fertilization

NORMAL

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BASED ON THE ORIGIN
- Fruit that develops without fertilization

PARTHENOCARPIC

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BASED ON THE NUMBER OF OVARIES INVOLVED IN ITS FORMATION
- Developed from one ovary

SIMPLE FRUIT

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BASED ON THE NUMBER OF OVARIES INVOLVED IN ITS FORMATION
- Develops from several ovaries

COMPOUND FRUIT

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BASED ON THE NUMBER OF OVARIES INVOLVED IN ITS FORMATION
Types of Compound fruit

AGGREGATE AND MULTIPLE

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BASED ON THE NUMBER OF OVARIES INVOLVED IN ITS FORMATION
Types of Compound fruit
- Develops from several ovaries of a single flower

AGGREGATE

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BASED ON THE NUMBER OF OVARIES INVOLVED IN ITS FORMATION Types of Compound fruit - Develops from several ovaries of a compact inflorescence

MULTIPLE (collective)

Example of Aggregate fruit

ATIS (Annona squamosa)

Example of Multiple fruit

PINEAPPLE (Ananas comosus)

BASED ON CONSISTENCY - Legume of Pod - Follicle - Capsule - Silique

PERICARP DRY AND DEHISCENT

BASED ON CONSISTENCY PERICARP DRY AND DEHISCENT - Arises from a single carpel which maturity splits along two sutures - With the shell, pericarp enclosing the seeds Ex. Peanut, sitao, batao, patani

LEGUME OR POD

BASED ON CONSISTENCY PERICARP DRY AND DEHISCENT - Develops from single carpel and opens along one suture Ex. Camachile

FOLLICLE

BASED ON CONSISTENCY PERICARP DRY AND DEHISCENT - Derives from an ovary with 2 or more united carpels, each carpel producing few to many seeds and splits in various ways. Ex. Banaba, okra, cotton

CAPSULE

BASED ON CONSISTENCY PERICARP DRY AND DEHISCENT - Derived from superior ovary consisting of two locules which at maturity separates into three portions with the seeds attached to the central, persistent portion Ex. Malunggay

SILIQUE

BASED ON CONSISTENCY - Achene - Grain (Caryopsis) - Samara - Schizocarp - Nut

PERICARP DRY AND INDEHISCENT

BASED ON CONSISTENCY PERICARP DRY AND INDEHISCENT - Commonly called ‘seeds’ buy when the pericarp is broken, the seeds within is seen to be attached to the ovary wall at one point. Ex. Sunflower

ACHENE

BASED ON CONSISTENCY PERICARP DRY AND INDEHISCENT - Like the achene, it is also one seeded, but the pericarp and seed coat are firmly united. Ex. Corn, Rice

GRAIN (caryopsis)

BASED ON CONSISTENCY PERICARP DRY AND INDEHISCENT - May be one-seeded or two-seeded and has wing like outgrowth of the ovary wall. Ex. Narra, Maple

SAMARA

BASED ON CONSISTENCY PERICARP DRY AND INDEHISCENT - Derived from 2 carpels which splits when mature Ex. Mustard family

SCHIZOCARP

BASED ON CONSISTENCY PERICARP DRY AND INDEHISCENT - One seeded fruit with a hard or stony pericarp commonly called the “shell”. Ex. Cashew, Pistachio, Walnut, Chestnut

NUTS

BASED ON CONSISTENCY - Berry - Hesperidium - Pepo - Drupe - Pome

PERICARP FLESHY

BASED ON CONSISTENCY PERICARP FLESHY - The pericarp is soft and fleshy - Usually many seed are embedded in a fleshy part which is both endocarp and mesocarp Ex. Eggplant, Tomato, Grapes

BERRY

BASED ON CONSISTENCY PERICARP FLESHY - Type of berry with a thick, leathery exocarp, and with thick juicy mesocarp. Ex. Orange, Dalandan, Calamansi

HESPERIDIUM

BASED ON CONSISTENCY PERICARP FLESHY - Berry-like fruit with hard exocarp while the fleshy part of the fruit is principally mesocarp and endocarp. Ex. Watermelon, Cucumber

PEPO

BASED ON CONSISTENCY PERICARP FLESHY - Usually ine seeded, exocarp is thin, mesocarp may be fleshy or fibrous and the endocarp is hard. Ex. Coconut, Mango, Avocado

DRUPE

BASED ON CONSISTENCY PERICARP FLESHY - With thin, papery exocarp - Derived from an inferior ovary, the fleshy part is the enlarged floral tube and the core comes from the ovary. Ex. Apple, Pear

POME

This accessory ‘fruit’ is actually an enlarged receptacle

STRAWBERRY

Embryotic plants enclosed in a protective outer covering.

SEEDS

Functions: - Reproduction - Covering the embryo - Storage of food - Dispersal to a new location and dormancy during unfavorable conditions

SEEDS

SEED STRUCTURE

- External - Embryo - Endosperm

SEED STRUCTURE External types

SEED COAT/TESTA HILUM

SEED STRUCTURE EXTERNAL - Outer protective covering

SEED COAT/ TESTA

SEED STRUCTURE EXTERNAL - Scar frim the sed being attached to the parent plant

HILUM

SEED STRUCTURE Embryo types

- COTYLEDON - PLUMULE - RADICLE

SEED STRUCTURE EMBRYO - The first leaf that germinates

COTYLEDON

SEED STRUCTURE EMBRYO (cotyledon sub term) - The portion of axis above and lower portion of the cotyledon respectively.

EPICOTYL AND HYPOCOTYL

SEED STRUCTURE EMBRYO - The first apical bud of shoot

PLUMULE

SEED STRUCTURE EMBRYO (plumule sub term) - Covering the young shoot

COLEOPTILE

SEED STRUCTURE EMBRYO - Part of the seed where the root develops

RADICLE

SEED STRUCTURE EMBRYO (radicle sub term) - The protective sheath investing the radicle in som monocotyledonous plants through which the roots emerge.

COLEORHIZA

SEED STRUCTURE - This is the source of stored food, consisting prima of starches. - It is the structure that has been formed to provide nutrition for embryo in germination.

ENDOSPERM

- Only one cotyledon present in the embryo - Cotyledons is thin and small and lacks food materials - Endosperm is mostly present and stores food - Radicle is protected by coleorhiza and plumule by coleoptile Ex. Corn seed

MONOCOT SEED

- Two lateral cotyledons are present in embryo axis - Cotyledons are fleshy and store food - Endosperm is mostly absent and lacks food - Coleorhiza and coleoptiles are absent Ex. Bean seed

DICOT SEED

- Have seeds that are enclosed within an ovary (usually a fruit) - It includes Flowers, Fruits, and Endosperm in the seeds.

ANGIOSPERMS

- Have no flowers or Fruits, and have enclosed ir ‘naked’ seeds on the surface of scales or leaves - Often configured as cones

GYMNOSPERMS

MAIN MODES OF SEED DISPERSAL

SELF DISPERSAL WIND DISPERSAL WATER ANIMALS

MAIN MODES OF SEED DISPERSAL Types of Self dispersal

BALLISTIC GRAVITY

MAIN MODES OF SEED DISPERSAL Types of Self dispersal - Witch hazel, squirting cucumber

BALLISTIC

MAIN MODES OF SEED DISPERSAL Types of Self dispersal - Carpel grows inside the soil (geocarpic) Ex. Peanuts

GRAVITY

MAIN MODES OF SEED DISPERSAL Ex. Dandelion and Maple

WIND DISPERSAL

MAIN MODES OF SEED DISPERSAL - Fleshy fruits eaten and dispersed with feces - Some have velcro-like hooks that cling to animal fur (burdock, cockleburs)

ANIMALS

SEED DISPERSAL - Bees, Beetles, Bats, Birds, Butterflies, etc

POLEN DISPERSAL BY ANIMALS

FRUIT AND SEED DISPERSAL - Seeds are small and light weight Ex. Samaras, Plumes

DISPERSAL BY WIND

- Oils attract ants - Elaiosomes (Greek élaion “oil” and sóma “body”) on bleeding hearts used as foods by ants

DISPERSAL BY ANIMALS

- The Coconut seed is well adapted by the method of ocean dispersal - The buoyant coconuts drift on ocean currents - They end up on tropical beaches where they germinate and develop root

WATER DISPERSAL

Includes emergence of the radicle, is the beginning or resumption of growth of a seed, and it depends on the interplay of a number of internal and external factors.

GERMINATION

The emergence and development from the seed embryo of those structures which seed indicate the ability to produce a normal plant.

GERMINATION

The process by which a dormant seed begins to sprout and grow into a seedling under the right growing conditions.

GERMINATION

MODES OF GERMINATION

EPIGEAL GERMINATION HYPOGEAL GERMINATION

Based on the behavior of the cotyledons or storage organ

MODES OF GERMINATION

MODES OF GERMINATION - Seeds emerge out of the soil or above the soil

EPIGEAL GERMINATION

MODES OF GERMINATION - Seeds remain inside the soil or below the soil

HYPOGEAL GERMINATION

MODES OF GERMINATION - The cotyledons come out above the soil surface and generally turn green and act as first foliage leaves. This type of germination present in Groundnut, Bean, Cotton, Sunflower, and, Cotton seeds.

EPIGEAL GERMINATION

MODES OF GERMINATION - The cotyledons do not come above the soil surface. This type of germination is found in Wheat, Barley, Maize, and Pea.

HYPOGEAL GERMINATION

FACTORS AFFECTING GERMINATION

INTERNAL FACTORS AND EXTERNAL FACTORS

FACTORS AFFECTING GERMINATION - Maturity of embryo - Presence or absence of chemical inhibitors

INTERNAL FACTORS

FACTORS AFFECTING GERMINATION - Oxygen - Water - Temperature - Light

EXTERNAL FACTORS

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF FRUITS - Fruits used in Treating Colds and Fevers; Leaves used to Stimulate

ANGELICA (Angelica archangelica)

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF FRUITS - Fruits used as a Laxative

BUCKTHORN (Rhamnus catharticus)

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF FRUITS - Fruit juice drunk to Treat Female Yeast Infections (Candidiasis)

CRANBERRY (Vaccinium oxycoccum)

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF FRUITS - Dried fruit best known as a condiment but it is also used in Treatment of Asthma

CUBEBS (Piper cubeba)

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF FRUITS - Fruit acid is believed to Aid in Weight Reduction

MONGOSTEEN (Garcinia mangostana)

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF FRUITS - Liquid from Boiled fruit used as an Astringent; fruits with High beta-carotene content; Leaves have High Vitamin C content

PERSIMMON (Diospyros virginiana)

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF FRUITS - Berries, buds, and bark Brewed for tea used to Reduce Fevers

SPICE BUSH (Lindera benzoin)

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF FRUITS - Fruit pup, used as Laxative

TAMARIND (Tamarindus indica)

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF FRUITS - Bromelain extracted from pineapple decreases clumping of blood platelets (antiplatelet) and fibrin, thereby improving circulation - Bromelain also accelerates healing and can relieve pain - may cure mouth ulcers

PINEAPPLE (Ananas comosus)

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS - Seed oil used to Relieve Indigestion, Colds, and Respiratory problems such as Sinusitis

ANISE (Pimpinella anisum)

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS - Seeds contain Levodopa used in Treatment of Parkinson’s disease

VELVET BEAN (Mucuna spp.)

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS - Seeds are major source of CORTISONE and also source of a Heart stimulant

STROPHANTHUS (Strophanthus spp)

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS - Strychnine extracted from seeds widely used as an Insect and Animal Poison - Minute amounts Stimulate the Central Nervous System and Relieve Paralysis

STRYCHNINE PLANT (Strychnos nox-vomica)

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS - Seed oil used to Promote Prostate health

PUMPKIN (Cucurbita pepo)

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS - Extract from Green oat seeds said to Enhance both physical and sexual health

OATS (Avena sativa)

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS - Seeds are the source of perilla oils, which is exceptionally rich in Omega-3 fatty acids essential to Cardiac health

PERILLA (Perilla frutescens)

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS - Seeds are source of Gamma Linoleic Acid (GLA) oils beneficial in human nutrition

EVENING PRIMROSE (Oenothera spp.)

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS - Seeds used in Bulking Laxatives; Reduces Mucus resulting frin Asthma and Sinus problems; Reduces skin Inflammation

FENUGREEK (Trigonella foenum-graecum)

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS - Cold-processed seed oils are rich source of GLA, beneficial in suppressing or reversing atherosclerosis; - Crushed seeds used as a laxative and for treating bronchial problems.

FLAX (Linum usitatissimum)

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS - Seed extract source of powerful antioxidant - (including quercetin) that also improve blood flow to the retina, thereby retarding macular degeneration; red grapes in particular produce significant amounts of reservatrol, which has been demonstrated to enhance enzyme activity associated with the regeneration and stimulation of nerve

GRAPE (Vitis vinifera)

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS - Seed extract used to combat Bacterial or Fungal infections

GRAPEFRUIT (Citrus paradise)

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS - Seed and leaf extracts used to improve blood flow; night cramps of legs; reduce varicose veins and leg swelling - (Caution: Plant is poisonous and only standardized extracts of demonstrated therapeutic value should be used; a coumarin component of horse chestnut leaves can interact adversely with aspirin and other anticoagulants)

HORSE CHESTNUT (Aesculus hippocastanum)

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS - Powdered seeds used to Counter excessive thirst and excretion of sugar in the urine, characteristic of diabetics

JAVA PLUM (Syzygium cumini)

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS - Seed extract said to function as Bronchodilator

APRICOT (Prunus armeniaca)

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS - Oil from seeds used to Improve suppleness of Skin and to Reduce Skin dryness

BLACK CURRANT (Ribes nigrum)

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS - Seed oil has Antibiotic properties and is used in Treatment of Cold

CARDAMOM (Elettaria cadamomum)

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS - Seed contains an essential oil that acts like an Antioxidant that fights free radicals that attack joints ; Oil believes to have Sedative properties

CELERY (Apium graveolens)

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS - Oils from seeds contains gamma linoleic acid and other oils beneficial in human nutrition

BORAGE (Borago officinalis)

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS - Seed oil used in the Treatment of skin diseases such as Eczema, Psoriasis, and Leprosy

CHAULMOOGRA (Hydnicarpus spp.)

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS - Seeds contain a caffeine-like principle that enabled Native Americans to perform unusual feats of endurance; - Seed paste used in eye irritation by foreign matter

CHIA (Salvia columbariae)

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS - Seed extracts are good source of L-arginine and magnesium and are believed (when combined with other chocolate constituents) to elevate serotonin levels; - Contains theobromin (somewhat similar to caffeine in action) and phenylethylene, which are believed to produce sustained elevation of mood

CHOCOLATE (Theobroma cacao)

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS - Seeds contain up to 3.5% caffeine and 1% theobromine, which may lessen fatigue

COLA (Cola nitida, C. acuminate)

MODULE 5 L2: FRUITS AND SEEDS Flashcards

(117 cards)