BOTANY LAB: PLANT STRUCTURES Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
DEVELOPERS OF CELL THEORY
- He stated all plants are composed of cells
A
MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN
2
Q
DEVELOPERS OF CELL THEORY
- He stated that all animals are also composed pf cells—thus claimed all living things are composed of cells
A
THEODOR SCHWANN
3
Q
DEVELOPERS OF CELL THEORY
- He stated all cells came from pre-existing cells
A
RUDOLF VIRCHOW
4
Q
All organisms are made up of cells
A
CELL THEORY
5
Q
The basic unit of structure and function in all organisms
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CELLS
6
Q
All cells come from cells that already exist
A
CELL THEORY
7
Q
- Have the same basic eukaryotic organization
- At maturity when they become specialized, it may differ greatly from one another in their structure and functions
A
PLANT CELL
8
Q
- Contains many organelles with specific functions
- Enclosed by a membrane which defines their boundaries
- Has a Cell wall
A
PLANT CELL
9
Q
PLANT CELL VS ANIMAL CELL
- Cell wall
A
PLANT CELL
10
Q
PLANT CELL VS ANIMAL CELL
- Plastid
A
PLANT CELL
11
Q
PLANT CELL VS ANIMAL CELL
- One large central vacuole, taking up 90% of the cell volume
A
PLANT CELL
12
Q
PLANT CELL VS ANIMAL CELL
- One or more small vacuoles
A
ANIMAL CELL
13
Q
PLANT CELL VS ANIMAL CELL
- Rectangular shape
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PLANT CELL
14
Q
PLANT CELL VS ANIMAL CELL
- Has a Round shape
A
ANIMAL CELL
15
Q
PLANT CELL VS ANIMAL CELL
- Some has glyoxysomes
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PLANT CELLS
16
Q
PLANT CELL VS ANIMAL CELL
- Centrioles are only present in lower forms
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PLANT CELL
17
Q
PLANT CELL VS ANIMAL CELL
- Centrioles are always present
A
ANIMAL CELL
18
Q
PLANT CELL VS ANIMAL CELL
- Lyoxysomes are usually not evident
A
PLANT CELL
19
Q
PLANT CELL VS ANIMAL CELL
- Lyoxysomes occur in cytoplasm
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ANIMAL CELL
20
Q
PLANT CELL VS ANIMAL CELL
- Cell membrane + Cell wall
A
PLANT CELL
21
Q
PLANT CELL VS ANIMAL CELL
- It only has Cell membrane
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ANIMAL CELL
22
Q
PLANT CELL VS ANIMAL CELL
- Has Chloroplasts
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PLANT CELLS
23
Q
PLANT CELL VS ANIMAL CELL
- Has no Chloroplast
A
ANIMAL CELL
24
Q
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Function in plants:
- For protection
- For photosynthesis
- Defines cell shade
A
CELL WALL
25
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Composition:
- Cellulose
- Hemicellulose
- Held together by the Middle lamella
- Made of: Cellulose, Xyloglucan, Pectin, Proteins, Ca2+ ions, Lignin, Water, Other ions
CELL WALL
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Main component of cell wall
CELLULOSE
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- A glue-like substance that holds cellulose fibrils together
HEMICELLULOSE
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- The cell walls are held together by
MIDDLE LAMELLA
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- The organic material that gives stiffness to fruit jellies
PECTIN
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Proteins associated with sugar
GLYCOPROTEIN
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Composed of cellulose microfibrils (embedded in lignin—a complex polymer)
SECONDARY CELL WALLS
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Responsible for giving cell’s shape and where most chemical processes take place
CYTOPLASM
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Clear in color and has a gel-like appearance
- It helps to move materials, such as hormones, around the cell and dissolves cellular waste
CYTOPLASM
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Controls cell metabolism including signal pathways, intercellular receptor “Cell jello”
CYTOPLASM
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
2 Primary parts:
- Central area of the cytoplasm that contains the organelles
ENDOPLASM
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
2 Primary parts:
- More gel-like peripheral portion of the cytoplasm of a cells
ECTOPLASM
37
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- In cytoplasm, Bacteria and Archaeans, do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. In these cells, the cytoplasm consists of all the contents of the cell inside the plasma membrane
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- In cytoplasm, Plant and Animal cells, the Cytoplasm consist of three main components: Cytosol, Organelles, Cytoplasmic inclusions
EUKARYOTIC CELL
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- The semi-fluid component or liquid medium of a cell’s cytoplasm. It is located outside of the nucleus and within the cell membrane
CYTOSOL
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Tiny cellular structures that perform specific functions within a cell. Examples of organelles include Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Nucleus, Lysosomes, Chloroplasts, Endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus
ORGANELLES
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Particles that are temporarily suspended in the cytoplasm. Inclusions consists of macromolecules and granules
CYTOPLASMIC INCLUSIONS
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Tiny strands of cytoplasm that extends between cell openings
- Where transfer of Sugar, Ions, and other Substances occur
PLASMODESMATA (sing. Plasmodesma)
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Permeable, it allows movement of water and dissolved substances in and out of the cell
CELL WALLS & MIDDLE LAMELLAE
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- The outer boundary if the cell
PLASMA MEMBRANE
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- A thin semi-permeable layer that regulates substances that goes in and out of the cell
PLASMA MEMBRANES
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Involved in the production and assembly of cellulose for cell walls
PLASMA MEMBRANE
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Composed of Phospholipids in 2 layers interspersed with protein
PLASMA MEMBRANE
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Covalent bond links CHO to both lipids and proteins
PLASMA MEMBRANE
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Creates pressure that pushes the plasma membrane into the cell wall
OSMOSIS
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Functions:
- Mediates the transport if substances into and out if the protoplasm
- It coordinates the synthesis and assembly of cellulose microfibrils
- Relays hormonal and environmental signals involved in the control of cell growth and differentiation
PLASMA MEMBRANE
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Grayish, spherical to ellipsoidal lump
NUCLEUS
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Control center of the cell for growth, differentiation, and storage of hereditary information (passed on from cell to cell)
NUCLEUS
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- DNA ‘blue prints’
- Green cells the nucleus are obscured by chloroplast
NUCLEUS
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Membrane that envelops the nucleus
NUCLEAR ENVELOP
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Granular fluid in the nucleus; suspends larger bodies
NUCLEOPLASM
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Composed of RNA and proteins
NUCLEOLI (sing. Nucleolus)
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Produces ribosomes
- Moves the ER and is critical in protein synthesis
NUCLEOLUS
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Thin strands involved in the process of dividing
CHROMATIN
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Not visible in light microscope unless stained
- Composed of protein and DNA
CHROMATIN
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Condensed chromatin
- Thicker and shorter
CHROMOSOMES
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- An enclosed space with network of flattened sacs and tubes forming channels
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Connected with the outer membrane of the nucleus
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Facilitates cellular communications and channeling of materials
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Rough ellipsoidal in shape
- Composed of 2 subunits that are composed of RNA & proteins
RIBOSOMES
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- 55 kinds of protein are found in each ribosomes
of prokaryotic cell and slightly higher in eukaryotic
- Not membrane bound; NOT and organelle
RIBOSOMES
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Stacks of flattened discs or vesicles scattered in the cytoplasm
- Bound by branching tubules from the ER
DICTYOSOMES/ GOLGI APPARATUS
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Aggregates will constitute the Golgi apparatus (also found in protein secreting animal cells) names after CAMILO GOLGI (discoverer, 1898)
- Responsible for collecting, packaging, and delivery center or ‘’post office” of the cell
DICTYOSOMES/ GOLGI APPARATUS
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- They occur in a variety of shapes and sizes (with the chloroplasts)
PLASTIDS
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Found within the chloroplast formed from membranes like a stack of coins
GRANA
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Stacks of 2-100 found in each granum; it contains green chlorophyll pigments; where the first steps of photosynthesis happen
THYLAKOIDS
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Membrane contains chlorophyll and its associated proteins
- Site of proteins
- Have inner and outer membranes
CHLOROPLAST
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Surounded by stroma
- Works like mitochondria
- During photosynthesis, ATP from stroma provide the energy for the production if sugar molecules
CHLOROPLAST
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Colorless liquid portion of chloroplast containing enzyme involved in photosynthesis
STROMA
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Contains small circular DNA structure that encodes for production of proteins needed for photosynthesis and RNA and ribosomes facilitate protein synthesis
CHLOROPLAST
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Lack of chlorophyll but synthesize and retain Carotenoid pigments which are responsible for the Yellow, Orange, or Red colors of may flowers, old leaves, some fruits and some roots
CHROMOPLAST
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Non pigmented plastids some of which synthesize starch while others produce oils or proteins
LEUCOPLAST
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Upon exposure to light they may develop into chloroplasts
LEUCOPLAST
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Contains Amyloplasts and Elaioplasts
LEUCOPLAST
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Synthesize starch
AMYLOPLAST
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Synthesize oils
ELAIOPLASTS
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Known as the “powerhouse” of the cell
MITOCHONDRIA
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Releases energy from organic molecules by the process of cellular respiration
MITOCHONDRIA
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Barely visible with light microscope
- In motion and accumulate in groups where energy is needed
MITOCHONDRIA
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Cucumber/paddle/rods or balls shaped
- Its plates-like folds are called cristae
MITOCHONDRIA
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Plate like folds
CRISTAE
86
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Makes up 90% of the plant cell volume
- Bound by Vacuolar membranes (tonoplast) similar function with plasma membrane
VACUOLE
87
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Function:
- Maintains cell pressure and pH
- Storage of cell metabolites and waste products
VACUOLE
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Fluid inside the vacuole (slightly acidic); contains Salt, Sugar, Organic acids, and Soluble protein and Soluble pigments
CELL SAP
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Responsible for the Red, Blue, Purple color of flowers and reddish leaves
ANTHOCYANIN
90
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Involved in the movement within the cell
- With 2 kinds of fibers (microtubules, microfilaments)
- Unbranched, thin, hollow, tube like structure composed of protein called Tubulin
CYTOSKELETON
91
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Control the addition of cellulose to the cell wall; involved in cell division, movement of cytoplasmic organelles, movement of vesicles, movement of Cilia and Flagella
MICROTUBULES
92
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Structure of DNA that carries genes and functions of the cell
CHROMOSOME
