MODULE 4: STEM Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
Crucial part of plant physiology and become the erect, aerial SHOOT SYSTEM which contains the branches & leaves.
A
STEM
2
Q
It is the axis of the shoot system which provides mechanical support to the plant; It is the site where leaves and reproductive shoots get attached; It also conducts water and minerals from roots to the leaves and solutes from leaves to storage and use sites.
A
STEM
3
Q
Exposes the leaves for photosynthesis and positions the reproductive shoots for optimal access to pollinators and dispersal agents; Storage of food and/or water
A
STEM
4
Q
2 TYPES OF STEM:
A
- HERBACEOUS STEM
- WOODY STEM
5
Q
Thin, soft and green in color except those that grow underground.
A
HERBACEOUS STEMS
6
Q
Taller, thicker, and harder than herbaceous stems.
A
WOODY STEMS
7
Q
External Parts of the Stem:
A
- NODE
- INTERNODE
- BUD
- Axillary bud
- Terminal bud - BUD SCALES
- TERMINAL BUD SCALE SCARS
- STIPULE SCARS
- LEAF SCARS
- BUNDLE SCARS
- LENTICLE
8
Q
EXTERNAL PARTS:
- Area of the stem where a leaf or leaves are attached.
A
NODE
9
Q
EXTERNAL PARTS
- Stem region between nodes
A
INTERNODE
10
Q
EXTERNAL PARTS
- Located at the angle (axil) between a petiole & stemp
A
BUD
11
Q
2 TYPES OF BUDS:
A
- AXILLARY BUD
- TERMINAL BUD
12
Q
TYPES OF BUDS
Bud at the axillary; forms into separate branches
A
AXILLARY BUD
13
Q
TYPES OF BUDS
Present at the end of the twig (not always); does not form into branches
A
TERMINAL BUD
14
Q
EXTERNAL PARTS
Protects buds; falls off when bud tissue starts to grow.
A
BUD SCALES
15
Q
EXTERNAL PARTS
Marks leaves on the stem from the previous years which serve as external measure of annual growth.
A
TERMINAL BUD SCALE SCARS
16
Q
EXTERNAL PARTS
Left after buds expand; maybe fine line encircling the twig (or inconspicuous)
A
STIPULE SCARS
17
Q
EXTERNAL PARTS
Left after leaves fall
A
LEAF SCARS
18
Q
EXTERNAL PARTS
Mark the location of water conducting & food conducting tissue
A
BUNDLE SCARS
19
Q
EXTERNAL PARTS
Pores that allow for gas exchange
A
LENTICEL
20
Q
TERMINOLOGY
A
- SHOOT
- TWIG
- BRANCH
- TRUNK
21
Q
TERMINOLOGY
A young stem (1 year old or less) with leaves
A
SHOOT
22
Q
TERMINOLOGY
A young stem (1 year old or less) that is in the dormant winter stage (no leaves)
A
TWIG
23
Q
TERMINOLOGY
A stem that is more than 1 year old typically with lateral stems radiating from it
A
BRANCH
24
Q
TERMINOLOGY
A woody plant’s main stem
A
TRUNK
25
The apical meristem is dormant before the growing season begins.
LEAF PRIMORDIA
26
Protected by bud scales of the bud in which it is located and to certain extent by the tiny embryonic leaves that will develop into mature leaves after the bud scales drop off and growth begins.
LEAF PRIMORDIA
27
MERISTEMATIC TISSUES
Coated & protected by a cuticle; from the protoderm
PROTODERM = EPIDERMIS
28
MERISTEMATIC TISSUES
1. PROTODERM = EPIDERMIS
2. PROCAMBIUM = PRIMARY XYLEM AND PHLOEM
3. GROUND MERISTEMS
- Pith
- Cortex
29
MERISTEMATIC TISSUES
PROCAMBIUM = PRIMARY XYLEM AND PHLOEM
30
MERISTEMATIC TISSUES
Parenchyma tissue in the center of the stem
PITH
31
MERISTEMATIC TISSUES
From the ground meristem
CORTEX
32
VASCULAR CAMBIUM
1. SECONDARY XYLEM
2. SECONDARY PHLOEM
33
SECONDARY GROWTH
Tracheids, vessel elements
SECONDARY XYLEM
34
SECONDARY GROWTH
Sieve tubes, companion cells
SECONDARY PHLOEM
35
In woody species, a ________________ arises within the cortex or from the epidermis/phloem.
SECOND CAMBIUM = Cork Cambium/Phellogen
36
Produces boxlike cork cells, which become impregnated with
SUBERIN
37
In general, plants that die after going from seed to maturity within one growing season (annuals) have green, herbaceous (nonwoody) stems.
HERBACEOUS DICOT STEM
38
Have discrete vascular bundles composed of patches of xylem and phloem. The vascular bundles are arranged in a cylinder that separates the cortex from the pith.
Exception: (e.g., foxgloves), the xylem and the phloem are produced as continuous rings (cylinders) instead of in separate bundles.
HERBACEOUS DICOT STEM
39
Most monocots (e.g., grasses, lilies) are herbaceous plants that do not grow tall.
MONOCOT STEM
40
The stems have no vascular cambium nor a cork cambium and thus produce no secondary vascular tissues or cork.
MONOCOT STEM
41
Each bundle, regardless of its specific location, is oriented so that its xylem is closer to the center of the stem and its phloem is closer to the surface.
MONOCOT STEM
42
In woody plants, obvious differences begin to appear as soon as the vascular cambium and the cork cambium develop. The most conspicuous differences involve the secondary xylem, or wood, as it is best known.
WOODY DICOT STEM
43
Some tropical trees (e.g., ebony), in which both the vascular cambium and the cork cambium are active all year, produce an ungrained, uniform wood.
WOODY DICOT STEM
44
The wood of most trees, however, is produced seasonally. In trees of temperate climates, virtually all growth takes place during the spring and summer and then ceases until the following spring.
WOODY DICOT STEM
45
When the vascular cambium of a typical broadleaf tree first becomes active in the spring, it usually produces relatively large vessel elements of secondary xylem; such xylem is referred to as________
SPRING WOOD
46
The xylem that is produced after the spring wood, and which has smaller or fewer vessel elements and larger numbers of tracheids, is referred to as __________
SUMMER WOOD
47
Lighter streaks seen on transverse or cross section of tree trunk
VASCULAR RAYS
48
WOODY DICOT STEM
Their primary function is the lateral conduction of nutrients and water from the stele, through the xylem and phloem, to the cortex, with some cells also storing food.
VASCULAR RAYS
49
Protrusions filled with resins, gums or tannins; that prevent conduction of water & dissolved substance
TYLOSIS (Tyloses)
50
Older darker wood at the center
HEARTWOOD
51
Lighter; still functioning xylem
SAPWOOD
52
It has no fibers, the wood tends to be softer than wood with fibers and is commonly referred to
SOFTWOOD
53
The wood of woody dicot trees is called
HARDWOOD
54
Pines and other cone-bearing trees have xylem that consists primarily of tracheids; no fibers or vessel elements are produced.
WOODY DICOT STEM
55
- In late summer-early fall, starches are stored in stem and root sapwood.
– The following year, in early spring when the temperature is right, these starches are converted to sugars.
MAPLE SAP
56
– The watery, sugar-filled sap begins flowing upwards.
– Trees are tapped and the sap is collected in buckets.
– The water is boiled-off to make maple syrup.
MAPLE SAP
57
All tissues outside the cambium, including the phloem
BARK
58
Consist of primary and secondary phloem
INNER BARK
59
Consist of cork tissue and cork cambium
OUTER BARK (Periderm)
60
Specialized cells or ducts of latex-secreting cells
LATICIFERS
61
Thick white/yellow/orange/red fluid with gums, protein, sugar, oils, salt, alkaloidal drugs, enzymes etc.
LATEX (dagta)
62
SPECIALIZED STEMS:
1. SPURS
2. RHIZOMES
3. STOLONS AND RUNNERS
4. STEM TENDRILS
5. CORMS
6. CLADOPHYLLS
7. TUBERS
8. BULBS
9. OTHERS (thorns, spines, prickles, bulblets, ramblers)
63
SPECIALIZED STEMS
Thickened underground stem that has distinct nodes and internodes and scaly leaves at the nodes.
RHIZOMES
64
SPECIALIZED STEMS
Example: Ginger
RHIZOMES
65
SPECIALIZED STEMS
It grows parallel to the ground and has a creeping stem with long internodes. On the lower surface, the nodes give out adventitious roots at regular intervals. A runner develops from the axils of lower leaves of the aerial stem
RUNNERS
66
SPECIALIZED STEMS
Example: Strawberry
RUNNERS
67
SPECIALIZED STEMS
Similar to runners but are produced beneath the surface of the ground and tend to grow in different directions but usually not horizontally
STOLONS
68
SPECIALIZED STEMS
These types of stems are slender, twining strands that enable a plant to seek support while climbing on other surfaces.
STEM TENDRILS
69
SPECIALIZED STEMS
Ex. Grapes
STEM TENDRILS
70
SPECIALIZED STEMS
Short, vertical, swollen underground stem of a plant that serves as a food storage organ to enable the plant to survive adverse conditions.
CORMS
71
SPECIALIZED STEMS
Example: Colocasia
CORMS
72
SPECIALIZED STEM
This type of stem is a green, flattened or cylindrical one that resembles a leaf. A phylloclade is capable of performing photosynthesis and we can find them in xerophytes or in other plants that have little or no leaves
CLADOPHYLLS
73
SPECIALIZED STEMS
Also called Phyllocades
CLADOPHYLLS
74
SPECIALIZED STEMS
The thickened end of a rhizome that is fleshy and enlarged for food storage.
TUBERS
75
SPECIALIZED STEMS
The “eyes” of a potato are actually axillary buds, evidence that the tuber is an underground stem rather than a storage root like sweet potatoes or carrots
TUBERS
76
SPECIALIZED STEMS
A bulb is a modified underground bud in which fleshy storage leaves are attached to a short stem. A bulb is rounded and is covered by paper-like bulb scales, which are modified leaves. It frequently forms small daughter bulbs (bulblets).
BULBS
77
SPECIALIZED STEMS
Two kinds of bulbs are as follows:
1. TUNICATE BULBS
2. NON-TUNICATE BULBS
78
SPECIALIZED STEMS
Kinds of bulbs:
- Have a papery outer covering.
- Protection from digging and drying out.
TUNICATE BULBS
79
SPECIALIZED STEMS
Kinds of bulbs:
Example: onion, tulips, daffodils.
TUNICATE BULBS
80
SPECIALIZED STEMS
Kinds of Bulbs:
- Lack a papery outer covering.
- Susceptible to damage and drying
NON-TUNICATE / SCALG BULBS
81
SPECIALIZED STEMS
Kinds of Bulbs:
Example: Garlic, Lily bulbs.
NON-TUNICATE/SCALY BULBS
82
SPECIALIZED STEMS
Tiny secondary bulb that forms in the angle between a leaf and stem or in place of flowers in certain plants.
BULBLETS
