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Cell and Molecular Biology > Module 2 The Flow of Genetic Information in the Cell > Flashcards

Module 2 The Flow of Genetic Information in the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Three main steps in the flow of genetic information also known as ____

A

Central Dogma of Biology

Replication (DNA - DNA)

Transcription (DNA encodes RNA)

Translation (RNA encodes proteinsProtein)

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2
Q

____ The process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its genome before it divides.

The _____ in the DNA carries the genetic code

A

DNA Replication

Sequence bases

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3
Q

Instructions for making proteins with the correct sequence of ____ are encoded in DNA

DNA is found in chromosomes and in eukaryotic cells, chromosomes always remain in the ______

Proteins are made at ____ in the ____ or on the ____.

A

Amino acids

Nucleus

Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

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4
Q

____ carries the info from DNA in the nucleus during (____) to a ____ in the ____ that the helps assemple the protein during (_____)

A

RNA
Transcription

Ribosome
Cytoplasm
Translation

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5
Q

When copying DNA to RNA, ____ is added to the mRNA strand for every nucleotide in the DNA

When translating to protein, ____ corresponds to ____ in the polypeptide sequence.

Ultimately, this means that translation to protein is still systematic and colinear

A

one nucleotide

three mRNA nucleotide

one amino acid

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6
Q

DNA REPLICATION/SYNTHESIS:

Each strand of existing DNA act as a template for ____.

Overview of DNA Replication:

a) ______
Each base is paired by hydrogen bonding with its specific partner, A - T and G - C

b) _____

c) _____
Determines the order of nucleotides along a new, complemetary stransd

d) ______
to form the sugar phosphate backbones of the new strand. Each “___” DNA molecule consists of one parental strand

A

Replication

a) Two complementary strands of DNA for parent molecule

b) Separation of the two DNA strands

c) Each strand becomes a template

d) Nucleotides are connected

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7
Q

Types of RNA produced in cells:

Encodes proteins

Acts as an adaptior between ___ and ____

Forms the Ribosome

Functions in various nuclear processes (splicing)

Facilitates chemical modification of RNAs

Regulates gene expression

Silences gene expression

Also Regulates Gene Expression

A

mRNA

tRNA
mRNA & Amino Acids

rRNA

snRNA

snoRNA

miRNA

siRNA

IncRNA

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8
Q

____ Contains genetic instructions that allow organisms to grow and function. Includes these nitrogenous bases(4)

____ Executes the insructions and synthesizes proteins. Includes the same nitrogenous base except: _____ because it has ____

A

DNA
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Thymine

RNA
Thymine
Uracil

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9
Q

DNA

Helix:
Location:
Sugar:
Main type(s):

A

DNA

Helix: Double-stranded
Location: Nucleus
Sugar: Deoxyribose
Main type(s): B-form DNA

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10
Q

RNA

Helix:
Location:
Sugar:
Main type(s):

A

RNA

Helix: Single-stranded
Location: Nucleus & Cytoplasm
Sugar: Ribose
Main type(s): mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

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11
Q

KEY CONCEPTS:

_____ catalyze changes in supercoiled state of DNA

DNA replication has three distinct phases (___, ____, and ____) the last one is different at ____ of eukaryotic chromosomes

DNA replication is very accurate since it allows _____ mistakes/base

A

Topoisomerase

Initiation, Elongation, Termination
Telomeres

1 x 10 ^-8 mistakes / base

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12
Q

3 Proposed Models of Replication:

Our DNA actually is ______ which means that each strand of the double helix parent DNA serve as a template to male two new daughter strands

A

Semiconservative Model

Conservative Model

Dispersive Model
___________________

Semiconservative

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13
Q

Experiment used to confirm which model is the right one ____

Bacteria cultured in medium containing ____ (___)

Bacteria transferred to medium containing ____(___)

Centrifuge DNA sample after ____ min

A

Meelson and Stahl Experiment

Heavy nitrogen (15 N)

Light nitrogen (14 N)

40 min

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14
Q

_____ Complementary strand runs in opposite direction

Bonding in DNA is through:

____ for bases

____ for backbone

A

Anti-parallel strands

Hydrogen bonds - bases

Covalent phosphodiester bonds - backbone

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15
Q

_____ replicates its DNA at a rate of 1000 nucleotides per second with less than one error in a billion nucleotides

____ replication proceeds at a rate ranging from 500 to 5000 nucleotides per minute at each replication fork (100 per nucleotides per second)

A

E. coli

Eukaryotic

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16
Q

Three general features of chromosomal replication (3)

A

DNA Replication is semiconservative

DNA Replication is Bidirectional

DNA Replication begins at Specific Chromosomal Sites

17
Q

Replication begins at an ____ then the double helix unwings in opposite directions, replicating DNA both ways away from two replication forks

DNA synthesis is initiated at special regions called ____

A

Origin of Replication

Replication origins

18
Q

Summary of DNA Replication

1 _____ unwind the parental double helix

2 _____ stabilize the unwound parental DNA

3 ____ is synthesized continuously in the 5’ - 3’ direction by ____

4 _____ is synthesized discontinuously.

_____ synthesizes a short ____ which is extended by a ____ to form an ____

5 After the ____ is replaced by DNA, ____ joins the ____ to the growing strand

A

1 Helicase unwind the parental double helix

2 Single-strand binding proteins stabilize the unwound parental DNA

3 The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5’ - 3’ direction by DNA polymerase

4 The Lagging Strand is synthesized discontinuosly.

Primase synthesizes a short RNA primer which is extended by a DNA polymerase to form an okazaki fragment

5 After the RNA primer is replaced by DNA, DNA ligase joins the okazaki fragments

19
Q

DNA Replication: Enzymes involved (10)

____(DNApol clamp loader)
____ unwinds
____ stabilizes
____ supercoiling , chromosomal DNA in bacteria. Prevents tangling upstream (____)

DNA polymerase I -
DNA polymerase II-
DNA polymerase III -

_____ creates RNA primers
_____ binds okazaki fragments “spot welder”

A

Initiator proteins

Helicase

Single-strand binding proteins

topoisomerase I & II (DNA gyrase)

________________

repairs, removes RNA primers and replaces DNA nucleotides

cleans up okazaki fragments

Main or primary polymerase, builds new DNA to existing strands of DNA

________________

DNA primase
DNA ligase

20
Q

Enzymes do make mistakes at a rate of about 1 per every ____ nucleotides

considering 6 billion base pairs in each diploid cell, it would be ____ mistakes every time a cell divides

A

1 per every 100 000 nucleotides

120 000 mistakes every division

21
Q

Modes of Replication:
Individual units of replication are called _____ reach contains a ____

TEMPLATE:
BREAKAGE:
REPLICONS:
DIRECTION:
PRODUCTS:

1) _____
Common type of replication that occurs in circular DNA (E coli)
TEMPLATE:
BREAKAGE:
REPLICONS:
DIRECTION:
PRODUCTS:

2)_____
Takes place in some viruses and ecoli F factor
TEMPLATE:
BREAKAGE:
REPLICONS:
DIRECTION:
PRODUCTS:

3)____
Replication takes place simultaneously from thousands of origins
TEMPLATE:
BREAKAGE:
REPLICONS:
DIRECTION:
PRODUCTS:

A

Replicons
Replication origin

Theta replication

TEMPLATE: circular
BREAKAGE: no
REPLICONS: 1
DIRECTION: both
PRODUCTS: two circular molecules

Rolling-cycle replication

TEMPLATE: circular
BREAKAGE: yes
REPLICONS: 1
DIRECTION: Unidirectional
PRODUCTS: 1 circular, 1 linear

Linear-eukaryotic replication

TEMPLATE: linear
BREAKAGE: no
REPLICONS: many
DIRECTION: bidirectional
PRODUCTS: 2 linear molecules

Cell and Molecular Biology (19 decks)

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